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en-route turning

Толкование Перевод

1 route turning point

поворотный пункт маршрута

Englsh-Russian aviation and space dictionary > route turning point
2 en-route turning

разворот [выполнение разворота] в полете по маршруту

Englsh-Russian aviation and space dictionary > en-route turning
3 turning

разворачивание; выполнение разворота

turning a three mile final — разворот на конечную прямую на удалении трёх миль (5 км от ВПП)

turning of the incoming air — закручивание втекающего воздушного потока

turning on final approach — последний [четвёртый] разворот, разворот на конечную прямую захода на посадку

— en-route turning

— locked-wheel turning

— turning final

Englsh-Russian aviation and space dictionary > turning
4 turning

turning ['tɜ:nɪŋ]

noun

(a) British (side road) route f transversale; (side street) rue f transversale, petite rue f;

∎ take the third turning on the right prenez la troisième à droite

(b) British (bend → in road) virage m; (→ in river, staircase) coude m; (fork) embranchement m, carrefour m

(c) the turning of the tide le changement ou renversement de la marée; figurative le renversement de tendances

(d) Industry tournage m

►► British Cars turning circle rayon m de braquage;

turning point (decisive moment) moment m décisif; (change) tournant m;

∎ 1989 marked a turning point in my career l'année 1989 marqua un tournant dans ma carrière;

∎ it was a turning point in her life ce fut un tournant dans sa vie;

American turning radius rayon m de braquage

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > turning
5 turning

turning [ˈtɜ:nɪŋ]

noun

( = road) route f (or rue f ) latérale

• take the second turning on the left prenez la deuxième à gauche

► turning point noun tournant m

* * *
['tɜːnɪŋ]
noun

1) GB ( in road) virage m

to take a wrong turning — tourner au mauvais endroit

the next turning on the right — la prochaine (rue) à droite

I've missed my turning — j'aurais dû tourner plus tôt

2) ( work on lathe) tournage m

English-French dictionary > turning
6 point

точка; пункт; место; ориентир; вершина, острие, конец; деление ( шкалы) ; румб ( компаса) ; показывать, указывать

100 foot point — точка на высоте 100 футов (30,5 м)

1-g trim point — балансировочная точка при единичной перегрузке

35-ft height point — точка на высоте 35 футов (10,5 м) над уровнем впп

50-ft flare point — точка (начала) выравнивания на высоте 50 футов (15 м)

attachment points for external loads — узлы крепления наружных подвесок

computed air release point — расчётный пункт сброса (десанта, грузов); расчётная точка сбрасывания бомб

constant pitching moment point — аэродинамический фокус

continuously computed impact point — непрерывно вычисляемая точка попадания бомбы

end point of the nozzle — концевая точка профиля сопла

external (stores) attachment points — узлы наружной подвески (грузов или вооружения)

external (stores) mounting points — узлы наружной подвески (грузов или вооружения)

first point of Aries — точка весеннего равноденствия

first point of Cancer — точка летнего солнцестояния

first point of Capricornus — точка зимнего солнцестояния

first point of Libra — точка осеннего равноденствия

glide slope intercept point — точка пересечения глиссадною луча (при заходе на посадку)

ground interception point of the glide slope — точка пересечения глиссады с землёй

ground pressurization test point — точка наземной проверки герметичности [герметизации]

laminar near wake critical point — критическая точка в области ламинарного следа

mean point of impact — центр [средняя точка] попаданий; геометрический центр площади рассеивания (бомб)

near wake critical point — аэрд. критическая точка н ближней области следа

one point per flight — один режим на [за] полет (об испытании)

oxygen (system) charging point — точка зарядки [заправки] кислородной системы

point in the takeoff — точка траектории взлета

point of engine failure — точка отказа двигателя

point of last departure — пункт последнего вылета

point of safe return — рубеж возврата (при сохранении навигационного запаса топлива)

point of thrust termination — точка прекращения работы двигателя, конец активного участка

portable fuel supply point — передвижной пункт заправки топливом

side load reaction point — точка [узел], воспринимающая боковую нагрузку

waste water drain servicing point — точка слива грязной воды при наземном обслуживании

wing-flap retraction complete point — точка завершения уборки закрылков

— accuracy point

— actuation point

— aiming point

— airborne command point

— aircraft dispersal point

— airdrome reference point

— air-launching point

— alighting point

— all-burnt point

— ammunition storage point

— antipodal point

— antisolar point

— aphelion point

— approach aiming point

— assembly point

— auto-approach breakoff point

— auto-navigation homing point

— autopilot breakoff point

— autumnal equinox point

— axisymmetric stagnation point

— bomb release point

— branch point

— break point

— breakdown point

— breakeven point

— breaking point

— breakout point

— bubble point

— built-in test point

— burble point

— burnout point

— canopy breaker point

— cant point

— capture point

— cardinal points

— center reference point

— charging point

— check point

— cockpit dew point

— collinear points

— collision point

— compass points

— compulsory landing point

— compulsory reporting point

— concentrated reaction point

— contact point

— control point

— convergence point

— crossing point

— cutoff point

— data point

— datum point

— dead-reckoning point

— debarkation point

— decision point

— departure point

— design point

— detachment point

— dew point

— discharge point

— disconnect point

— discontinuity point

— dive entry point

— docking point

— down lock point

— drop point

— early warning point

— elastic point

— enroute point

— entry point

— equigravitational point

— equinoctial point

— exit point

— fatigue point

— feeder point

— filling point

— fin attachment point

— fire point

— firing point

— flame-break point

— flammability point

— flareout point

— flash point

— focal point

— force application point

— freezing point

— frost point

— fusion point

— GCA handover point

— ground-charging point

— guidance initial point

— half-deflection point

— hard point

— high-key point

— high-speed buffet point

— holding point

— homing point

— hovering point

— hump point

— ice point

— identification point

— ignition point

— ILS reference point

— impact point

— impingement point

— inflection point

— inflexion point

— initial point

— initial route point

— initiation point

— intercept ion point

— intermediate point

— intersection point

— jacking point

— junction point

— key point

— landing point

— lashing point

— launching point

— lead point

— letdown point

— lift application point

— liftoff point

— loading point

— low-key point

— lunar landing point

— maintenance point

— major test point

— mandatory landing point

— mandatory reporting point

— maneuver point

— mass point

— maximum refusal point

— measurement point

— measuring point

— melting point

— mid-chord point

— missed approach point

— missile-impact point

— missile-target encounter point

— monitoring point

— mount point

— neutral point

— nodal point

— observation point

— off-design point

— off-loading point

— offset point

— oil filling point

— on-request reporting point

— operating point

— over-wing filling point

— oxygen filling point

— oxygen point

— parachute sling point

— perigee point

— picketing point

— pickle point

— pickup point

— pitot point

— point Bravo

— point of arrival

— point of cavitation

— point of chamber

— point of climb

— point of destination

— point of flare

— point of initiation

— point of injection

— point of no-return

— point of origin

— point of separation

— polar curve point

— pour point

— power-unit failure point

— prebriefed point

— predicted collision point

— predicted point

— pressure-refueling point

— pressure-sensing point

— prestall buffet point

— QFE reference point

— quadrantal points

— quarter-chord point

— radar point

— rally point

— rear-fuselage detachment point

— reentry point

— reference point

— refill point

— refueling point

— release point

— rendezvous point

— reporting point

— retro-fire point

— return route point

— roll-in point

— route changing point

— route point

— route turning point

— seat fixing point

— self-ignition point

— separation point

— service draining point

— shock-wave intersection point

— sighting point

— singular point

— skia point

— slinging point

— solidification point

— solstitial point

— sonic point

— splash point

— splashdown point

— staging point

— stagnation point

— stalling point

— starting point

— static point

— steam point

— stick-fixed maneuver point

— stopover point

— stopping point

— store mounting point

— strong point

— subastral point

— sublimation point

— sublunar point

— subsatellite point

— subsolar point

— substellar point

— summing point

— suspension point

— tailplane attachment point

— tailplane pivot point

— takeoff point

— tangency point

— tanking point

— tapping point

— target approach point

— target point

— taxi holding point

— temperature-sensing point

— terminal point

— terminal route point

— test pickoff point

— test point

— threshold point

— tie-down point

— time reference point

— toilet servicing point

— touchdown point

— towing point

— transfer point

— transition point

— trip point

— triple point

— turning point

— turnoff point

— undercarriage mounting point

— underwing hard point

— underwing refueling point

— unstick point

— vernal equinox point

— wake point

— water drain point

— water touchdown point

— wing center point

— yield point

Englsh-Russian aviation and space dictionary > point
7 turn

turn [tɜ:n]

tourner ⇒ 1A (a), 1B (a), 1B (d), 1C (d), 2 (a), 2 (b), 2 (f) faire tourner ⇒ 1A (a) retourner ⇒ 1B (a) changer ⇒ 1C (a) faire devenir ⇒ 1C (a) se tourner ⇒ 2 (a) se retourner ⇒ 2 (b) devenir ⇒ 2 (d) se changer ⇒ 2 (e) tour ⇒ 3 (a), 3 (d), 3 (f), 3 (g) tournant ⇒ 3 (b), 3 (c) virage ⇒ 3 (b), 3 (c) tournure ⇒ 3 (d)

1 transitive verb

A.

(a) (cause to rotate, move round) tourner; (shaft, axle) faire tourner, faire pivoter; (direct) diriger;

∎ she turned the key in the lock (to lock) elle a donné un tour de clé (à la porte), elle a fermé la porte à clé; (to unlock) elle a ouvert la porte avec la clé;

∎ turn the wheel all the way round faites faire un tour complet à la roue;

∎ Cars to turn the (steering) wheel tourner le volant;

∎ turn the knob to the right tournez le bouton vers la droite;

∎ turn the knob to "record" mettez le bouton en position "enregistrer";

∎ she turned the oven to its highest setting elle a allumé ou mis le four à la température maximum;

∎ she turned her chair towards the window elle a tourné sa chaise face à la fenêtre;

∎ he turned the car into the drive il a engagé la voiture dans l'allée;

∎ we turned our steps homeward nous avons dirigé nos pas vers la maison;

∎ turn your head this way tournez la tête de ce côté

(b) figurative (change orientation of)

∎ she turned the conversation to sport elle a orienté la conversation vers le sport;

∎ their votes could turn the election in his favour leurs voix pourraient faire basculer les élections en sa faveur;

∎ he would not be turned from his decision to resign il n'y a pas eu moyen de le faire revenir sur sa décision de démissionner;

∎ nothing would turn the rebels from their cause rien ne pourrait détourner les rebelles de leur cause;

∎ you've turned my whole family against me vous avez monté toute ma famille contre moi;

∎ we turned his joke against him nous avons retourné la plaisanterie contre lui;

∎ let's turn our attention to the matter in hand occupons-nous de l'affaire en question;

∎ she turned her attention to the problem elle s'est concentrée sur le problème;

∎ to turn one's thoughts to God tourner ses pensées vers Dieu;

∎ research workers have turned the theory to practical use les chercheurs ont mis la théorie en pratique;

∎ how can we turn this policy to our advantage or account? comment tirer parti de cette politique?, comment tourner cette politique à notre avantage?;

∎ to turn one's back on sb tourner le dos à qn;

∎ she looked at the letter the minute his back was turned dès qu'il a eu le dos tourné, elle a jeté un coup d'œil à la lettre;

∎ how can you turn your back on your own family? comment peux-tu abandonner ta famille?;

∎ she turned her back on her friends elle a tourné le dos à ses amis;

∎ to turn one's back on the past tourner la page, tourner le dos au passé;

∎ she was so pretty that she turned heads wherever she went elle était si jolie que tout le monde se retournait sur son passage;

∎ success had not turned his head la réussite ne lui avait pas tourné la tête, il ne s'était pas laissé griser par la réussite;

∎ all their compliments had turned her head tous leurs compliments lui étaient montés à la tête ou lui avaient tourné la tête;

∎ to turn the tables on sb reprendre l'avantage sur qn;

∎ figurative now the tables are turned maintenant les rôles sont renversés

B.

(a) (flip over → page) tourner; (→ collar, mattress, sausages, soil, hay) retourner;

∎ the very thought of food turns my stomach l'idée même de manger me soulève le cœur;

∎ to turn sth on its head bouleverser qch, mettre qch sens dessus dessous;

∎ recent events have turned the situation on its head les événements récents ont retourné la situation

(b) (send away)

∎ he turned the beggar from his door il a chassé le mendiant;

∎ they turned the poachers off their land ils ont chassé les braconniers de leurs terres

(c) (release, let loose)

∎ he turned the cattle into the field il a fait rentrer le bétail dans le champ

(d) (go round → corner) tourner

(e) (reach → in age, time) passer, franchir;

∎ I had just turned twenty je venais d'avoir vingt ans;

∎ she's turned thirty elle a trente ans passés, elle a dépassé le cap de la trentaine;

∎ it has only just turned four o'clock il est quatre heures passées de quelques secondes

(f) (do, perform) faire;

∎ the skater turned a circle on the ice la patineuse a décrit un cercle sur la glace;

∎ to turn a cartwheel faire la roue

(g) (ankle) tordre;

∎ I've turned my ankle je me suis tordu la cheville

C.

(a) (transform, change) changer, transformer; (make) faire devenir, rendre;

∎ to turn sth into sth transformer ou changer qch en qch;

∎ bitterness turned their love into hate l'amertume a transformé leur amour en haine;

∎ she turned the remark into a joke elle a tourné la remarque en plaisanterie;

∎ they're turning the book into a film ils adaptent le livre pour l'écran;

∎ the sight turned his heart to ice le spectacle lui a glacé le cœur ou l'a glacé;

∎ Stock Exchange you should turn your shares into cash vous devriez réaliser vos actions;

∎ time had turned the pages yellow le temps avait jauni les pages

(b) (make bad, affect)

∎ the lemon juice turned the milk (sour) le jus de citron a fait tourner le lait

(c) American Commerce (goods) promouvoir la vente de; (money) gagner;

∎ to turn a good profit faire de gros bénéfices;

∎ he turns an honest penny il gagne sa vie honnêtement;

∎ familiar he was out to turn a fast buck il cherchait à gagner ou faire du fric facilement

(d) Technology (shape) tourner, façonner au tour;

∎ a well-turned leg une jambe bien faite;

∎ figurative to turn a phrase faire des phrases

2 intransitive verb

(a) (move round → handle, key, wheel) tourner; (→ shaft) tourner, pivoter; (→ person) se tourner;

∎ to turn on an axis tourner autour d'un axe;

∎ the crane turned (through) 180° la grue a pivoté de 180°;

∎ the key won't turn la clé ne tourne pas;

∎ he turned right round il a fait volte-face;

∎ they turned towards me ils se sont tournés vers moi ou de mon côté;

∎ they turned from the gruesome sight ils se sont détournés de cet horrible spectacle;

∎ turn (round) and face the front tourne-toi et regarde devant toi

(b) (flip over → page) tourner; (→ car, person, ship) se retourner;

∎ figurative the smell made my stomach turn l'odeur m'a soulevé le cœur

(c) (change direction → person) tourner; (→ vehicle) tourner, virer; (→ luck, wind) tourner, changer; (→ river, road) faire un coude; (→ tide) changer de direction;

∎ turn (to the) right (walking) tournez à droite; (driving) tournez ou prenez à droite;

∎ Military right turn! à droite!;

∎ we turned towards town nous nous sommes dirigés vers la ville;

∎ he turned (round) and went back il a fait demi-tour et est revenu sur ses pas;

∎ the road turns south la route tourne vers le sud;

∎ the car turned into our street la voiture a tourné dans notre rue;

∎ we turned onto the main road nous nous sommes engagés dans ou nous avons pris la grand-route;

∎ we turned off the main road nous avons quitté la grand-route;

∎ Stock Exchange the market turned downwards/upwards le marché était à la baisse/à la hausse;

∎ figurative I don't know where or which way to turn je ne sais plus quoi faire

(d) (with adj or noun complement) (become) devenir;

∎ it's turning cold il commence à faire froid;

∎ the weather's turned bad le temps s'est gâté;

∎ the argument turned nasty la dispute s'est envenimée;

∎ she turned angry when he refused elle s'est mise en colère quand il a refusé;

∎ to turn red/blue virer au rouge/bleu;

∎ he turned red il a rougi;

∎ a lawyer turned politician un avocat devenu homme politique;

∎ to turn professional passer ou devenir professionnel;

∎ the whole family turned Muslim toute la famille s'est convertie à l'islam

(e) (transform) se changer, se transformer;

∎ the pumpkin turned into a carriage la citrouille s'est transformée en carrosse;

∎ the rain turned to snow la pluie s'est transformée en neige;

∎ the little girl had turned into a young woman la petite fille était devenue une jeune femme;

∎ their love turned to hate leur amour se changea en haine ou fit place à la haine

(f) (leaf) tourner, jaunir; (milk) tourner;

∎ the weather has turned le temps a changé

3 noun

(a) (revolution, rotation) tour m;

∎ he gave the handle a turn il a tourné la poignée;

∎ give the screw another turn donnez un autre tour de vis;

∎ with a turn of the wrist avec un tour de poignet

(b) (change of course, direction) tournant m; (in skiing) virage m;

∎ to make a right turn (walking) tourner à droite; (driving) tourner ou prendre à droite;

∎ take the second turn on the right prenez la deuxième à droite;

∎ no right turn (sign) défense de tourner à droite;

∎ figurative at every turn à tout instant, à tout bout de champ

(c) (bend, curve in road) virage m, tournant m;

∎ there is a sharp turn to the left la route fait un brusque virage ou tourne brusquement à gauche

(d) (change in state, nature) tour m, tournure f;

∎ the conversation took a new turn la conversation a pris une nouvelle tournure;

∎ it was an unexpected turn of events les événements ont pris une tournure imprévue;

∎ things took a turn for the worse/better les choses se sont aggravées/améliorées;

∎ the patient took a turn for the worse/better l'état du malade s'est aggravé/amélioré;

∎ the situation took a tragic turn la situation a tourné au tragique

(e) (time of change)

∎ at the turn of the year vers la fin de l'année;

∎ at the turn of the century au tournant du siècle

(f) (in game, order, queue) tour m;

∎ it's my turn c'est à moi, c'est mon tour;

∎ whose turn is it? (in queue) (c'est) à qui le tour?; (in game) c'est à qui de jouer?;

∎ it's his turn to do the dishes c'est à lui ou c'est son tour de faire la vaisselle;

∎ you'll have to wait your turn il faudra attendre ton tour;

∎ they laughed and cried by turns ils passaient tour à tour du rire aux larmes;

∎ to take it in turns to do sth faire qch à tour de rôle;

∎ let's take it in turns to drive relayons-nous au volant;

∎ we took turns sleeping on the floor nous avons dormi par terre à tour de rôle;

∎ turn and turn about à tour de rôle

(g) (action, deed)

∎ to do sb a good/bad turn rendre service/jouer un mauvais tour à qn;

∎ he did them a bad turn il leur a joué un mauvais tour;

∎ I've done my good turn for the day j'ai fait ma bonne action de la journée;

∎ proverb one good turn deserves another = un service en vaut un autre, un service rendu en appelle un autre

(h) familiar (attack of illness) crise f, attaque f;

∎ she had one of her (funny) turns this morning elle a eu une de ses crises ce matin

(i) familiar (shock)

∎ you gave me quite a turn! tu m'as fait une sacrée peur!, tu m'as fait une de ces peurs!;

∎ it gave me such a turn! j'ai eu une de ces peurs!

(j) old-fashioned (short trip, ride, walk) tour m;

∎ let's go for or take a turn in the garden allons faire un tour dans le jardin

(k) (tendency, style)

∎ to have an optimistic turn of mind être optimiste de nature ou d'un naturel optimiste;

∎ he has a strange turn of mind il a une drôle de mentalité;

∎ to have a good turn of speed rouler vite;

∎ turn of phrase tournure f ou tour m de phrase;

∎ she has a witty turn of phrase elle est très spirituelle ou pleine d'esprit

(l) (purpose, requirement) exigence f, besoin m;

∎ this book has served its turn ce livre a fait son temps

(m) Music doublé m

(n) Stock Exchange (transaction) transaction f (qui comprend l'achat et la vente); British (difference in price) écart m entre le prix d'achat et le prix de vente

(o) British Theatre numéro m;

∎ a comedy turn un numéro de comédie

(p) British Cookery

∎ done to a turn cuit à point; familiar humorous (tanned) tout bronzé

4 in turn adverb

∎ she interviewed each of us in turn elle a eu un entretien avec chacun de nous l'un après l'autre;

∎ I told Sarah and she in turn told Paul je l'ai dit à Sarah qui, à son tour, l'a dit à Paul;

∎ I worked in turn as a waiter, an actor and a teacher j'ai travaillé successivement ou tour à tour comme serveur, acteur et enseignant

5 on the turn adjective

∎ to be on the turn être sur le point de changer;

∎ the tide is on the turn c'est le changement de marée; figurative le vent tourne;

∎ the milk is on the turn le lait commence à tourner

6 out of turn adverb

∎ don't play out of turn attends ton tour pour jouer;

∎ figurative to speak out of turn faire des remarques déplacées, parler mal à propos

►► (shift) turn of duty (gen) tour m de service; Military tour m de garde;

American turn signal clignotant m, Belgian clignoteur m, Swiss signofil(e) m;

American turn signal lever (manette f de) clignotant m

➲ turn against inseparable transitive verb

se retourner contre, s'en prendre à

➲ turn around = turn round

➲ turn aside

1 intransitive verb

(move to one side) s'écarter; also figurative (move away) se détourner;

∎ she turned aside to blow her nose elle se détourna pour se moucher

2 separable transitive verb

also figurative écarter, détourner

➲ turn away

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (avert) détourner;

∎ she turned her head away from him elle s'est détournée de lui

(b) (reject → person) renvoyer; (stronger) chasser;

∎ the college turned away hundreds of applicants l'université a refusé des centaines de candidats;

∎ she turned the salesman away elle chassa le représentant;

∎ to turn people away (in theatre etc) refuser du monde;

∎ we've been turning business away nous avons refusé du travail

2 intransitive verb

se détourner;

∎ he turned away from them in anger en ou de colère, il leur a tourné le dos

➲ turn back

1 intransitive verb

(a) (return → person) revenir, rebrousser chemin; (→ vehicle) faire demi-tour;

∎ it was getting dark so we decided to turn back comme il commençait à faire nuit, nous avons décidé de faire demi-tour;

∎ my mind is made up, there is no turning back ma décision est prise, je ne reviendrai pas dessus

(b) (go back in book)

∎ turn back to chapter one revenez ou retournez au premier chapitre

2 separable transitive verb

(a) (force to return) faire faire demi-tour à; (refugee) refouler

(b) (fold → collar, sheet) rabattre; (→ sleeves) remonter, retrousser; (→ corner of page) corner

(c) (idiom)

∎ to turn the clock back remonter dans le temps, revenir en arrière

➲ turn down

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (heating, lighting, sound) baisser

(b) (fold → sheet) rabattre, retourner; (→ collar) rabattre;

∎ to turn down the corner of a page corner une page;

∎ to turn down the bed ouvrir le lit

(c) (reject → offer, request, suitor) rejeter, repousser; (→ candidate, job) refuser;

∎ they offered him a job but he turned them down ils lui ont proposé un emploi mais il a rejeté leur offre;

∎ familiar she turned me down flat elle m'a envoyé balader

2 intransitive verb

(move downwards) tourner vers le bas;

∎ the corners of his mouth turned down il a fait la moue ou une grimace désapprobatrice

➲ turn in

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (return, give in → borrowed article, equipment, piece of work) rendre, rapporter; (→ criminal) livrer à la police;

∎ they turned the thief in (took him to the police) ils ont livré le voleur à la police; (informed on him) ils ont dénoncé le voleur à la police

(b) (fold in)

∎ turn in the edges rentrez les bords

(c) (produce)

∎ the actor turned in a good performance l'acteur a très bien joué;

∎ the company turned in record profits l'entreprise a fait des bénéfices record

2 intransitive verb

(a) (feet, toes)

∎ my toes turn in j'ai les pieds en dedans

(b) (go through entrance off road etc)

∎ he turned in at the gate arrivé à la porte, il est entré

(c) familiar (go to bed) se coucher^□

(d) (idiom)

∎ to turn in on oneself se replier sur soi-même

➲ turn off

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (switch off → light) éteindre; (→ heater, radio, television) éteindre, fermer; (cut off at mains) couper; (tap) fermer;

∎ she turned the ignition/engine off elle a coupé le contact/arrêté le moteur

(b) familiar (fail to interest) rebuter^□ ; (sexually) couper l'envie à; (repulse) débecter;

∎ her superior attitude really turns me off son air suffisant me rebute

2 intransitive verb

(a) (leave road) tourner;

∎ we turned off at junction 5 nous avons pris la sortie d'autoroute 5

(b) (switch off) s'éteindre;

∎ the heater turns off automatically l'appareil de chauffage s'éteint ou s'arrête automatiquement

➲ turn on

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (switch on → electricity, heating, light, radio, television) allumer; (→ engine) mettre en marche; (→ water) faire couler; (→ tap) ouvrir; (open at mains) ouvrir;

∎ figurative she can turn on the charm/the tears whenever necessary elle sait faire du charme/pleurer quand il le faut

(b) familiar (person → interest) intéresser^□ ; (→ sexually) exciter; (→ introduce to drugs) initier à la drogue^□ ;

∎ to be turned on (sexually) être excité;

∎ the movie didn't turn me on at all le film ne m'a vraiment pas emballé;

∎ he turned us on to this new pianist il nous a fait découvrir ce nouveau pianiste

2 inseparable transitive verb

(attack) attaquer;

∎ the dogs turned on him les chiens l'ont attaqué ou se sont jetés sur lui;

∎ his colleagues turned on him and accused him of stealing ses collègues s'en sont pris à lui et l'ont accusé de vol

3 intransitive verb

(take drugs) se droguer

4 intransitive verb

(a) (switch on) s'allumer;

∎ the oven turns on automatically le four s'allume automatiquement

(b) (depend, hinge on) dépendre de, reposer sur;

∎ the whole case turned on or upon this detail toute l'affaire reposait sur ce détail;

∎ everything turns on whether he continues as president tout dépend s'il reste président ou non

➲ turn out

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (switch off → light) éteindre; (→ gas) éteindre, couper

(b) (point outwards)

∎ she turns her toes out when she walks elle marche en canard

(c) (dismiss, expel) mettre à la porte; (tenant) expulser, déloger;

∎ he turned his daughter out of the house il a mis sa fille à la porte ou a chassé sa fille de la maison;

∎ he was turned out of his job il a été renvoyé

(d) (empty → container, pockets) retourner, vider; (→ contents) vider; (→ jelly) verser;

∎ turn the cake out onto a plate démoulez le gâteau sur une assiette

(e) British (clean) nettoyer à fond;

∎ to turn out a room faire une pièce à fond

(f) (produce) produire, fabriquer;

∎ he turns out a book a year il écrit un livre par an;

∎ few schools turn out the kind of people we need peu d'écoles forment le type de gens qu'il nous faut

(g) (police, troops) envoyer;

∎ turn out the guard! faites sortir la garde!

(h) (usu passive) (dress) habiller;

∎ nicely or smartly turned out élégant;

∎ he was turned out in a suit and a tie il portait un costume-cravate;

∎ she always turns her children out beautifully elle habille toujours bien ses enfants

2 intransitive verb

(a) (show up) venir, arriver; Military (guard) (aller) prendre la faction; (troops) aller au rassemblement;

∎ thousands turned out for the concert des milliers de gens sont venus ou ont assisté au concert;

∎ the doctor had to turn out in the middle of the night le docteur a dû se déplacer au milieu de la nuit

(b) (car, person) sortir, partir;

∎ the car turned out of the car park la voiture est sortie du parking

(c) (point outwards)

∎ my feet turn out j'ai les pieds en canard ou en dehors

(d) (prove) se révéler, s'avérer;

∎ his statement turned out to be false sa déclaration s'est révélée fausse;

∎ her story turned out to be true ce qu'elle a raconté était vrai;

∎ he turned out to be a scoundrel il s'est révélé être un vaurien, on s'est rendu compte que c'était un vaurien;

∎ it turns out that… il se trouve que… + indicative

(e) (end up)

∎ I don't know how it turned out je ne sais pas comment cela a fini;

∎ how did the cake turn out? le gâteau était-il réussi?;

∎ the story turned out happily l'histoire s'est bien terminée ou a bien fini;

∎ the evening turned out badly la soirée a mal tourné;

∎ everything will turn out fine tout va s'arranger ou ira bien;

∎ as it turns out, he needn't have worried en l'occurrence ou en fin de compte, ce n'était pas la peine de se faire du souci

(f) British familiar (get out of bed) se lever^□, sortir du lit^□

➲ turn over

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (playing card, mattress, person, stone) retourner; (page) tourner; (vehicle) retourner; (boat) faire chavirer;

∎ I was turning over the pages of the magazine je feuilletais la revue;

∎ figurative to turn over a new leaf s'acheter une conduite;

∎ Agriculture to turn over the soil retourner la terre

(b) (consider) réfléchir à ou sur;

∎ I was turning the idea over in my mind je tournais et retournais ou ruminais l'idée dans ma tête

(c) (hand over, transfer) rendre, remettre;

∎ he turned the responsibility over to his deputy il s'est déchargé de la responsabilité sur son adjoint;

∎ to turn sb over to the authorities livrer qn aux autorités

(d) (change) transformer, changer;

∎ he's turning the land over to cattle farming il reconvertit sa terre dans l'élevage du bétail

(e) Commerce

∎ the store turns over £1,000 a week la boutique fait un chiffre d'affaires de 1000 livres par semaine

(f) (search through) fouiller

(g) British familiar (rob → person) voler^□, dévaliser^□ ; (→ store) dévaliser^□ ; (→ house) cambrioler^□

2 intransitive verb

(a) (roll over → person) se retourner; (→ vehicle) se retourner, faire un tonneau; (→ boat) se retourner, chavirer

(b) (engine) commencer à tourner

(c) (when reading) tourner;

∎ please turn over (in letter) TSVP

(d) Television (change channel) changer de chaîne

(e) Commerce (merchandise) s'écouler, se vendre

➲ turn round

1 intransitive verb British

(a) (rotate → person) se retourner; (→ object) tourner;

∎ she turned round and waved goodbye elle se retourna et dit au revoir de la main;

∎ the dancers turned round and round les danseurs tournaient ou tournoyaient (sur eux-mêmes)

(b) (face opposite direction → person) faire volte-face, faire demi-tour; (→ vehicle) faire demi-tour;

∎ figurative she turned round and accused us of stealing elle s'est retournée contre nous et nous a accusés de vol

2 separable transitive verb

(a) (rotate → head) tourner; (→ object, person) tourner, retourner; (→ vehicle) faire faire demi-tour à;

∎ could you turn the car round please? tu peux faire demi-tour, s'il te plaît?

(b) (quantity of work) traiter

(c) (change nature of)

∎ to turn a situation round renverser une situation;

∎ Commerce to turn a company round sauver une entreprise de la faillite

(d) (sentence, idea) retourner

➲ turn to inseparable transitive verb

(a) (person) se tourner vers; (→ page) aller à;

∎ turn to chapter one allez au premier chapitre

(b) (seek help from) s'adresser à, se tourner vers;

∎ to turn to sb for advice consulter qn, demander conseil à qn;

∎ I don't know who to turn to je ne sais pas à qui m'adresser ou qui aller trouver;

∎ he turned to his mother for sympathy il s'est tourné vers sa mère pour qu'elle le console;

∎ she won't turn to me for help elle ne veut pas me demander de l'aide;

∎ he turned to the bottle il s'est mis à boire

(c) figurative (shift, move on to)

∎ her thoughts turned to her sister elle se mit à penser à sa sœur;

∎ the discussion turned to the war on se mit à discuter de la guerre

(d) (address → subject, issue etc) aborder, traiter;

∎ we shall now turn to the problem of housing nous allons maintenant aborder le problème du logement;

∎ let us turn to another topic passons à un autre sujet

➲ turn up

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (heat, lighting, radio, TV) mettre plus fort;

∎ to turn the sound up augmenter ou monter le volume;

∎ she turned the oven up elle a mis ou réglé le four plus fort, elle a augmenté la température du four;

∎ British very familiar turn it up! la ferme!

(b) (find, unearth) découvrir, dénicher; (buried object) déterrer;

∎ her research turned up some interesting new facts sa recherche a révélé de nouveaux détails intéressants

(c) (point upwards) remonter, relever;

∎ she has a turned-up nose elle a le nez retroussé

(d) (collar) relever; (trousers) remonter; (sleeve) retrousser, remonter; (in order to shorten) raccourcir en faisant un ourlet

(e) (uncover → card) retourner

2 intransitive verb

(a) (appear) apparaître; (arrive) arriver;

∎ she turned up at my office this morning elle s'est présentée à mon bureau ce matin;

∎ he'll turn up again one of these days il reviendra bien un de ces jours;

∎ I'll take the first job that turns up je prendrai le premier poste qui se présentera

(b) (be found) être trouvé ou retrouvé;

∎ her bag turned up eventually elle a fini par retrouver son sac

(c) (happen) se passer, arriver;

∎ don't worry, something will turn up ne t'en fais pas, tu finiras par trouver quelque chose;

∎ until something better turns up en attendant mieux

✾ Book ✾ Music 'The Turn of the Screw' James, Britten 'Le Tour d'écrou'

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > turn
8 lane

[leɪn] noun

1) (in the country) Landsträßchen, das; (unmetalled) [Hecken]weg, der

2) (in town) Gasse, die

3) (part of road) [Fahr]spur, die

slow/inside lane — (in Britain) linke Spur; (on the continent) rechte Spur

outside lane — Überholspur, die

‘get in lane’ — "bitte einordnen"; see also academic.ru/26560/fast_lane">fast lane

4) (for race) Bahn, die

* * *
[lein]
1) (a narrow road or street: a winding lane.) der Weg

2) (used in the names of certain roads or streets: His address is 12 Penny Lane.) die Gasse

3) (a division of a road for one line of traffic: The new motorway has three lanes in each direction.) die Fahrspur

4) (a regular course across the sea taken by ships: a regular shipping lane.) die Fahrtroute

* * *

lane

[leɪn]

n

1. (narrow road) Gasse f, enge Straße

I live at the end of Church L\lane ich wohne am Ende der Church Lane

country \lane schmale Landstraße

a winding \lane ein gewundener Weg

2. (marked strip) [Fahr]spur f, Fahrbahn f; SPORT Bahn f

in \lanes 4 and 6 auf den Bahnen 4 und 6

bus \lane Busspur f

cycle \lane Fahrradweg m, Veloweg m SCHWEIZ

in the fast/middle \lane auf der Überholspur/mittleren Spur

HOV [or high-occupancy vehicle] \lane esp AM Sonderspur f für stark besetzte Autos

to run on the inside/outside \lane auf der Innen-/Außenbahn laufen

the northbound \lane die Spur nach Norden

in the slow \lane (in Britain) auf der linken Spur; (on the continent) auf der rechten Spur

to change \lanes die Spur wechseln

3. (air route) Flugroute f; (sea route)

shipping \lane Schifffahrtsweg m

* * *
[leɪn]
n
(in country) ( for walking) (Feld)weg m; (for driving) Sträßchen nt; (in town) Gasse f, Weg m; (SPORT) Bahn f; (on road) Spur f; (= shipping lane) Schifffahrtsweg m or -linie f; (= air lane) (Flug)route f, Luftstraße f
in the left-hand lane (Aut) — in or auf der linken Spur

lane markings (on road) — Spurmarkierungen pl

three-lane (motorway etc) — dreispurig

"get in lane" — "einordnen"

* * *

lane [leın] s

1. (Feld)Weg m:

it is a long lane that has no turning (Sprichwort) alles muss sich einmal ändern

2. Gasse f:

a) Sträßchen n

b) Durchgang m (zwischen Menschenreihen etc):

form a lane Spalier stehen, eine Gasse bilden

3. Schneise f

4. auch lane route SCHIFF (Fahrt)Route f, Fahrrinne f

5. FLUG Flugschneise f

6. AUTO (Fahr)Spur f:

change lanes die Spur wechseln;

get in lane sich einordnen;

lane closures gesperrte Spuren;

lane indication arrow Richtungspfeil m;

three-lane dreispurig (Autobahn etc)

7. SPORT (einzelne) Bahn:

in lane two auf Bahn zwei;

lane assignment ( oder order) Bahnverteilung f

* * *

[leɪn] noun

1) (in the country) Landsträßchen, das; (unmetalled) [Hecken]weg, der

2) (in town) Gasse, die

3) (part of road) [Fahr]spur, die

slow/inside lane — (in Britain) linke Spur; (on the continent) rechte Spur

outside lane — Überholspur, die

‘get in lane’ — "bitte einordnen"; see also fast lane

4) (for race) Bahn, die

* * *

(freeway) n.

Fahrbahn -en f.

Fahrspur -en f. (motorway) n.

Fahrbahn -en f.

Fahrspur -en f. n.

Gasse -n f.

Weg -e m.

English-german dictionary > lane
9 wrong

1. adjective
1) (morally bad) unrecht (geh.); (unfair) ungerecht

you were wrong to be so angry — es war nicht richtig von dir, so ärgerlich zu sein

2) (mistaken) falsch

be wrong — [Person:] sich irren

I was wrong about you — ich habe mich in dir geirrt

the clock is wrong — die Uhr geht falsch

the clock is wrong by ten minutes — (fast/slow) die Uhr geht 10 Minuten vor/nach

how wrong can you be or get! — wie man sich irren kann!

3) (not suitable) falsch

give the wrong answer — eine falsche Antwort geben

say/do the wrong thing — das Falsche sagen/tun

be the wrong person for the job — für die Stelle ungeeignet sein

take the wrong turning — falsch abbiegen

get hold of the wrong end of the stick — (fig.) alles völlig falsch verstehen

[the] wrong way round — verkehrt herum

4) (out of order) nicht in Ordnung

there's something wrong here/with him — hier/mit ihm stimmt etwas nicht

there's nothing wrong — es ist alles in Ordnung

what's wrong? — ist etwas nicht in Ordnung? See also academic.ru/121192/wrong_side">wrong side
2. adverb
falsch

get it wrong — es falsch od. verkehrt machen; (misunderstand) sich irren

I got the answer wrong again — meine Antwort war wieder falsch

get somebody wrong — jemanden falsch verstehen

go wrong — (take wrong path) sich verlaufen; (fig.) [Person:] vom rechten Weg abkommen (fig. geh.); [Maschine, Mechanismus:] kaputtgehen (ugs.); [Angelegenheit:] danebengehen (ugs.)
3. noun
Unrecht, das

two wrongs don't make a right — das gibt nur ein Unrecht mehr

do wrong — unrecht tun

she can do no wrong — sie kann überhaupt nichts Unrechtes tun

be in the wrong — im Unrecht sein
4. transitive verb
wrong somebody — jemanden ungerecht behandeln

* * *
[roŋ] 1. adjective
1) (having an error or mistake(s); incorrect: The child gave the wrong answer; We went in the wrong direction.) falsch

2) (incorrect in one's answer(s), opinion(s) etc; mistaken: I thought Singapore was south of the Equator, but I was quite wrong.) falsch

3) (not good, not morally correct etc: It is wrong to steal.) unrecht

4) (not suitable: He's the wrong man for the job.) verkehrt

5) (not right; not normal: There's something wrong with this engine; What's wrong with that child - why is she crying?) nicht in Ordnung
2. adverb
(incorrectly: I think I may have spelt her name wrong.) falsch
3. noun
(that which is not morally correct: He does not know right from wrong.) das Unrecht
4. verb
(to insult or hurt unjustly: You wrong me by suggesting that I'm lying.) Unrecht tun

- wrongful
- wrongfully
- wrongfulness
- wrongly
- wrongdoer
- wrongdoing
- do someone wrong
- do wrong
- do wrong
- go wrong
- in the wrong
* * *

wrong

[rɒŋ, AM rɑ:ŋ]

I. adj inv

1. (not correct) falsch

your clock is \wrong deine Uhr geht falsch

she's \wrong in thinking that... sie liegt falsch, wenn sie denkt, dass...

he's the \wrong person for the job er ist nicht der richtige Mann für diesen Job

I think we're going the \wrong way ich denke, wir sind falsch fam

it's all \wrong das ist völlig verkehrt

this is the \wrong time to... dies ist nicht der richtige Zeitpunkt,...

it is \wrong that you always pay es ist nicht in Ordnung, dass du immer bezahlst

what's \wrong with spending Saturday night in the pub? was ist so falsch daran, den Samstagabend im Pub zu verbringen?

sorry, you've got the \wrong number tut mir leid, Sie haben sich verwählt

who was on the phone? — oh, it was just a \wrong number wer war am Telefon? — oh, da hatte sich nur einer verwählt

she got in with the \wrong crowd at university sie ist an der Universität mit den falschen Leuten zusammengekommen

to get sth \wrong sich akk mit etw dat vertun; (misunderstand) etw falsch verstehen

you can't go \wrong with that type of wine! mit diesem Wein können Sie gar nichts falsch machen!

he got the answer \wrong er hat die falsche Antwort gegeben; MATH er hat sich verrechnet

you got three questions \wrong Sie haben drei Fragen falsch beantwortet

to get sb \wrong jdn falsch verstehen

don't get me \wrong versteh mich bitte nicht falsch

to be proved \wrong widerlegt werden

I thought she couldn't do it, but she proved me \wrong ich dachte, sie könnte es nicht tun, aber sie bewies mir, dass ich Unrecht hatte

▪ to be \wrong about sth sich akk bei etw dat irren

I was \wrong about her ich habe mich in ihr getäuscht

2. pred (amiss)

is there anything \wrong? stimmt etwas nicht?

what's \wrong with you today? was ist denn heute mit dir los?

3. (morally reprehensible) verwerflich geh

it was \wrong of her to... es war nicht richtig von ihr,...

4. pred (not functioning properly)

something's \wrong with the television irgendetwas stimmt mit dem Fernseher nicht

my car's gone \wrong again mein Auto tut mal wieder nicht fam

my computer goes \wrong every time I... mein Computer stürzt jedes Mal ab, wenn ich...

to find out what is \wrong herausfinden, wo der Fehler liegt

5.

▶ to catch sb on the \wrong foot jdn auf dem falschen Fuß erwischen fam

▶ to fall [or get] into the \wrong hands in die falschen Hände geraten

▶ to get out of bed on the \wrong side [or out of the \wrong side of the bed] mit dem linken Fuß zuerst aufstehen

▶ to get hold of the \wrong end of the stick etw in den falschen Hals bekommen fam

▶ to have/put sth on the \wrong way round [or AM around] etw falsch herum anhaben/anziehen

you've got your skirt on the \wrong way around du hast deinen Rock falsch herum an[gezogen]

II. adv inv

1. (incorrectly) falsch

to spell sth \wrong etw falsch buchstabieren

2. (in a morally reprehensible way) falsch

his mother always said he lived \wrong seine Mutter hat immer gesagt, dass er ein verwerfliches Leben führe

3. (amiss)

to go \wrong things schiefgehen fam; people vom rechten Weg abkommen

III. n

1. no pl (moral reprehensibility)

a sense of right and \wrong ein Gespür nt für Recht und Unrecht

to know right from \wrong richtig und falsch unterscheiden können

2. no pl (unjust action) Unrecht nt, Rechtsverletzung f

to do \wrong Unrecht tun

to do sb a \wrong jdm Unrecht zufügen

to do sb no \wrong jdm kein Unrecht tun

to suffer a \wrong Unrecht erleiden

3.

▶ to be in the \wrong (mistaken) sich akk irren; (reprehensible) im Unrecht sein

IV. vt usu passive ( form: treat unjustly)

▪ to \wrong sb jdm Unrecht tun; (judge character unjustly) jdn falsch einschätzen

I \wronged him when I said that he was a fair-weather friend ich habe ihn falsch eingeschätzt, als ich sagte, er sei ein Freund für schöne Stunden

* * *
[rɒŋ]
1. adj

1) falsch

to be wrong — nicht stimmen; (answer also) falsch sein; (person) unrecht haben; (watch) falsch gehen

it's all wrong — das ist völlig verkehrt or falsch

it's all wrong that I should have to... — das ist doch nicht richtig, dass ich... muss

I was wrong about him — ich habe mich in ihm getäuscht or geirrt

you were wrong in thinking he did it — du hast unrecht gehabt, als du dachtest, er sei es gewesen

how wrong can you get! — falscher gehts (wohl) nicht!

I took a wrong turning — ich habe eine verkehrte or falsche Abzweigung genommen

he went in the wrong direction — er ging in die verkehrte or falsche Richtung

this is the wrong train for Bournemouth — dies ist der falsche Zug, wenn Sie nach Bournemouth wollen

to say/do the wrong thing — das Falsche sagen/tun

the wrong side of the fabric — die linke Seite des Stoffes

you live in the wrong part of town — du wohnst nicht im richtigen Stadtteil

he's got the wrong kind of friends — er hat die falschen Freunde

you've come to the wrong man or person/place —

brown is definitely the wrong colour to be wearing this season — Braun ist diese Saison absolut nicht modern

it feels all wrong not working — es ist ganz komisch nicht zu arbeiten

it's the wrong time for jokes — es ist nicht die richtige Zeit für Witze

it's the wrong time and the wrong place for that — das ist weder die Zeit noch der Ort dafür

to do sth the wrong way — etw falsch or verkehrt machen

See:

→ number

2) (morally) schlecht, unrecht; (= unfair) ungerecht, unfair

it's wrong to steal — es ist unrecht zu stehlen, Stehlen ist unrecht

that was very wrong of you — das war absolut nicht richtig von dir

you were wrong to do that — es war falsch or unrecht or nicht richtig von dir, das zu tun

it's wrong of you to laugh — Sie sollten nicht lachen

it's wrong that he should have to ask — es ist unrecht or falsch, dass er überhaupt fragen muss

what's wrong with a drink now and again? — was ist schon (Schlimmes) dabei, wenn man ab und zu einen trinkt?

what's wrong with working on Sundays? — was ist denn schon dabei, wenn man sonntags arbeitet?

I don't see anything wrong in or with that — ich kann nichts Falsches daran finden, ich finde nichts daran auszusetzen

3) pred

(= amiss) something is wrong — (irgend)etwas stimmt nicht or ist nicht in Ordnung (with mit); (suspiciously) irgendetwas stimmt da nicht or ist da faul (inf)

is anything or something wrong? — ist was? (inf)

there's nothing wrong — (es ist) alles in Ordnung

what's wrong? — was ist los?

what's wrong with you? — was fehlt Ihnen?

there's nothing medically wrong with her — medizinisch (gesehen) fehlt ihr nichts

I hope there's nothing wrong at home — ich hoffe, dass zu Hause alles in Ordnung ist

2. adv
falsch
you do him wrong — du tust ihm unrecht

you did wrong to do it — es war falsch or unrecht or nicht richtig von dir, das zu tun

to get sth wrong — sich mit etw vertun

he got the answer wrong — er hat die falsche Antwort gegeben; (Math) er hat sich verrechnet

I think you got things a bit wrong — ich glaube, Sie sehen die Sache or das nicht ganz richtig

to get one's sums wrong — sich verrechnen

you thought wrong — Sie haben sich geirrt

to go wrong (on route) — falsch gehen/fahren; (in calculation) einen Fehler machen; (morally) auf Abwege geraten; (plan etc) schiefgehen; (affair etc) schieflaufen

my washing machine has gone wrong — meine Waschmaschine ist nicht in Ordnung

I hope the television doesn't go wrong — hoffentlich bleibt der Fernseher in Ordnung

you can't go wrong — du kannst gar nichts verkehrt machen

you can't go wrong if you buy him a bottle of whisky — mit einer Flasche Whisky liegst du bei ihm immer richtig

3. n
Unrecht nt no pl
(social) wrongs — (soziale) Ungerechtigkeiten pl

to be in the wrong — im Unrecht sein

two wrongs don't make a right — Unrecht und Unrecht ergibt noch kein Recht

to do sb a great wrong — jdm ein großes Unrecht antun

he can do no wrong — er macht natürlich immer alles richtig

all the little wrongs he'd done her — all die kleinen Kränkungen, die er ihr zugefügt hatte

4. vt

to wrong sb — jdm unrecht tun

to be wronged — ungerecht behandelt werden

* * *

wrong [rɒŋ]

A adj (adv → wrongly)

1. falsch, unrichtig, verkehrt:

a wrong opinion auch eine irrige Meinung;

be wrong

a) falsch sein,

b) unrecht haben, sich irren (Person),

c) falsch gehen (Uhr);

I may be wrong, but … ich kann mich irren oder täuschen, aber …;

you are wrong in believing that … du irrst dich, wenn du glaubst, dass …;

he was wrong to do sth es war falsch, dass er etwas tat;

do the wrong thing das Verkehrte oder Falsche tun;

you’ve got the wrong person Sie haben sich in der Person geirrt;

prove sb wrong

a) beweisen, dass jemand im Irrtum ist,

b) jemandem unrecht geben (Ereignis);

be proved wrong widerlegt werden (Theorie etc); → number A 2

2. verkehrt, falsch:

catch sb on the wrong foot → wrong-foot;

the wrong side

a) die verkehrte oder falsche Seite,

b) die linke Seite (von Stoffen etc);

(the) wrong side out das Innere nach außen (gekehrt) (Kleidungsstück etc);

be on the wrong side of 60 über 60 (Jahre alt) sein;

he will laugh on the wrong side of his mouth umg das Lachen wird ihm schon (noch) vergehen;

have got out of bed on the wrong side umg mit dem linken Bein zuerst aufgestanden sein;

get on the wrong side of sb umg sich jemandes Gunst verscherzen, es mit jemandem verderben; → blanket A 1, stick¹ A 5, track A 2

3. nicht in Ordnung:

sth is wrong with it etwas stimmt daran nicht, etwas ist nicht in Ordnung damit;

I wonder what’s wrong with him was hat er nur?;

what’s wrong with …?

a) was gibt es auszusetzen an (dat),

b) umg wie wärs mit …?;

what is wrong with you? was ist los mit dir?, was hast du?

4. unrecht, unbillig:

it is wrong of you to laugh es ist nicht recht von dir zu lachen

B adv

1. falsch, unrichtig, verkehrt:

do sth wrong etwas falsch machen;

don’t get me wrong verstehen Sie mich nicht falsch, missverstehen Sie mich nicht;

go wrong

a) nicht richtig funktionieren oder gehen (Instrument, Uhr etc),

b) fig danebengehen, schiefgehen (Vorhaben etc),

c) fig auf Abwege oder die schiefe Bahn geraten,

d) fig fehlgehen;

where did we go wrong? was haben wir falsch gemacht?;

get in wrong with sb US umg sich jemandes Gunst verscherzen, es mit jemandem verderben;

get sb in wrong US umg jemanden in Misskredit bringen ( with bei)

2. unrecht:

act wrong

C s

1. Unrecht n:

do wrong unrecht tun;

do sb wrong jemandem ein Unrecht zufügen;

two wrongs do not make a right (Sprichwort) es ist nicht recht, Unrecht mit Unrecht zu vergelten

2. Irrtum m, Unrecht n:

be in the wrong unrecht haben;

get o.s. in the wrong with sb sich bei jemandem ins Unrecht setzen;

put sb in the wrong jemanden ins Unrecht setzen

3. Schaden m, Kränkung f, Beleidigung f

4. JUR Rechtsverletzung f, -widrigkeit f

D v/t

1. jemandem (auch in Gedanken etc) unrecht tun, jemanden ungerecht behandeln:

I am wronged mir geschieht Unrecht

2. jemandem schaden, Schaden zufügen, jemanden benachteiligen

3. betrügen (of um)

4. eine Frau

a) entehren

b) verführen

* * *
1. adjective
1) (morally bad) unrecht (geh.); (unfair) ungerecht

you were wrong to be so angry — es war nicht richtig von dir, so ärgerlich zu sein

2) (mistaken) falsch

be wrong — [Person:] sich irren

I was wrong about you — ich habe mich in dir geirrt

the clock is wrong — die Uhr geht falsch

the clock is wrong by ten minutes — (fast/slow) die Uhr geht 10 Minuten vor/nach

how wrong can you be or get! — wie man sich irren kann!

3) (not suitable) falsch

give the wrong answer — eine falsche Antwort geben

say/do the wrong thing — das Falsche sagen/tun

be the wrong person for the job — für die Stelle ungeeignet sein

take the wrong turning — falsch abbiegen

get hold of the wrong end of the stick — (fig.) alles völlig falsch verstehen

[the] wrong way round — verkehrt herum

4) (out of order) nicht in Ordnung

there's something wrong here/with him — hier/mit ihm stimmt etwas nicht

there's nothing wrong — es ist alles in Ordnung

what's wrong? — ist etwas nicht in Ordnung? See also wrong side
2. adverb
falsch

get it wrong — es falsch od. verkehrt machen; (misunderstand) sich irren

I got the answer wrong again — meine Antwort war wieder falsch

get somebody wrong — jemanden falsch verstehen

go wrong — (take wrong path) sich verlaufen; (fig.) [Person:] vom rechten Weg abkommen (fig. geh.); [Maschine, Mechanismus:] kaputtgehen (ugs.); [Angelegenheit:] danebengehen (ugs.)
3. noun
Unrecht, das

two wrongs don't make a right — das gibt nur ein Unrecht mehr

do wrong — unrecht tun

she can do no wrong — sie kann überhaupt nichts Unrechtes tun

be in the wrong — im Unrecht sein
4. transitive verb
wrong somebody — jemanden ungerecht behandeln

* * *

adj.

falsch adj.

verkehrt adj. adv.

falsch adv. n.

Unrecht -e n.

English-german dictionary > wrong
10 turn

turn [tɜ:n]

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

1. noun

2. transitive verb

3. intransitive verb

4. compounds

5. Phrasal Verbs

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

1. noun

   a. [of wheel] tour m

   b. ( = bend) virage m

• take the next turn on the left prenez la prochaine route (or rue) à gauche

• the economy may at last be on the turn l'économie pourrait enfin se redresser

► to take a turn (for)

• to take a turn for the worse s'aggraver

• to take a turn for the better s'améliorer

• the patient took a turn for the worse/better l'état du malade s'est aggravé/amélioré

   c. ( = attack) (inf) he had one of his turns last night il a eu une nouvelle crise la nuit dernière

   d. ( = fright) it gave me quite a turn ça m'a fait un sacré coup (inf)

   e. ( = action) to do sb a good turn rendre un service à qn

   f. ( = act) numéro m

   g. (in game, queue) tour m

• it's your turn c'est votre tour c'est à vous

• whose turn is it? c'est à qui (le tour) ?

• to take it in turn(s) to do sth faire qch à tour de rôle

   h. (set structures)

► at every turn à tout instant

► by turns

• he was by turns optimistic and despairing il était tour à tour optimiste et désespéré

• my sister and I visit our mother by turns ma sœur et moi rendons visite à notre mère à tour de rôle► in turn ( = one after another) à tour de rôle ; ( = then) à mon (or son or notre etc) tour

• they answered in turn ils ont répondu à tour de rôle

• and they, in turn, said... et, à leur tour, ils ont dit...► out of turn

• I don't want to speak out of turn but... je ne devrais peut-être pas dire cela mais...► to a turn

• done to a turn [food] à point► turn of + noun

• at the turn of the century au début du siècle

• this was a surprising turn of events les événements avaient pris une tournure inattendue

• to be of a pragmatic turn of mind avoir l'esprit pratique

• turn of phrase tournure f

• at the turn of the year en fin d'année

2. transitive verb

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

► For turn + adverb/preposition combinations see also phrasal verbs.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

   a. [+ handle, key, wheel, page] tourner

• turn it to the left tournez-le vers la gauche

• he turned the wheel sharply il a donné un brusque coup de volant

   b. [+ mattress] retourner

   c. ( = direct) [+ car, object, attention] tourner ( towards vers ) ; [+ gun, searchlight] braquer

• without turning a hair sans sourciller

• they turned his argument against him ils ont retourné son argument contre lui

   d. ( = reach) [+ age, time] as soon as he turned 18 dès qu'il a eu 18 ans

   e. ( = transform) transformer ( into en)

• the experience turned him into a misogynist cette expérience a fait de lui un misogyne

3. intransitive verb

   a. ( = move round) tourner ; [person] se tourner (to, towards vers ) ; (right round) se retourner

• turn to face me tourne-toi vers moi

• he turned and saw me il s'est retourné et m'a vu

• his stomach turned at the sight le spectacle lui a retourné l'estomac

• he would turn in his grave if he knew... il se retournerait dans sa tombe s'il savait...

► to turn on sth ( = depend)

it all turns on whether he has the money tout dépend s'il a l'argent ou non

• the plot turns on a question of mistaken identity l'intrigue repose sur une erreur d'identité

   b. ( = move in different direction) [person, vehicle] tourner ; ( = reverse direction) faire demi-tour ; [road, river] faire un coude ; [tide] changer de direction

• they turned and came back ils ont fait demi-tour et sont revenus sur leurs pas

• the car turned into a side street la voiture a tourné dans une rue transversale

• our luck has turned la chance a tourné pour nous

• he didn't know which way to turn il ne savait plus où donner de la tête

► to turn against sb se retourner contre qn

► to turn to sb se tourner vers qn ; (for help) s'adresser à qn

• he turned to me for advice il s'est adressé à moi pour me demander conseil► to turn to sth

• turn to page 214 voir page 214

• to turn to the left tourner à gauche ; ( = resort) se tourner vers qch

• he turned to drink il s'est mis à boire

   c. ( = become)

► turn + adjective

• to turn nasty/pale devenir méchant/pâle

• to turn professional passer professionnel

• the weather has turned cold le temps s'est rafraîchi► to turn into + noun devenir

• the whole thing turned into a nightmare c'est devenu un véritable cauchemar► to turn to + noun

• his love turned to hatred son amour se changea en haine

   d. ( = change) [weather] changer ; [leaves] jaunir

4. compounds

► turn signal noun (US in car) clignotant m

► turn-off noun (on road) embranchement m (où il faut tourner)

• it's a (real) turn-off! (inf!) c'est vraiment rebutant ! ► turn-on (inf!) noun

• it's a (real) turn-on! c'est excitant ! ► turn-up noun (British) [of trousers] revers m

• that was a turn-up (for the books)! (inf) (figurative) ça a été une belle surprise !

5. Phrasal Verbs

► turn around separable transitive verb

[+ business, economy] remettre sur pied

► turn aside

1. intransitive verb

se détourner

2. separable transitive verb

[+ head, face] tourner ; [+ eyes] détourner► turn away

1. intransitive verb

se détourner

2. separable transitive verb

( = send away) [+ spectator] refuser l'entrée à ; [+ immigrants] refouler► turn back

1. intransitive verb

[traveller] faire demi-tour ; ( = reverse a decision) faire marche arrière

• there is no turning back on ne peut pas retourner en arrière

2. separable transitive verb

   a. ( = send back) faire faire demi-tour à ; [+ demonstrators] faire refluer

   b. [+ clock] retarder ; (hands of clock) reculer

• we can't turn the clock back on ne peut pas revenir en arrière► turn down separable transitive verb

   a. to turn down the bed rabattre les draps

   b. [+ heat, sound] baisser

   c. [+ offer, candidate, volunteer] refuser► turn in

1. intransitive verb

   a. to turn in to a driveway [car, person] tourner dans une allée

   b. ( = go to bed) (inf) aller se coucher

2. separable transitive verb

   a. ( = hand over) [+ wanted man] livrer (à la police)

• to turn o.s. in se rendre

   b. (US = return) [+ borrowed goods, equipment] rendre

3. inseparable transitive verb

(Sport) to turn in a good performance [player, team] réaliser une bonne performance► turn off

1. intransitive verb

   a. [person, vehicle] tourner

   b. to turn off automatically [heater, oven] s'éteindre automatiquement

2. inseparable transitive verb

[+ road] quitter

3. separable transitive verb

   a. [+ water, tap] fermer ; [+ radio, television, electricity, gas, heater] éteindre ; [+ water, electricity] (at main) couper

• he turned the programme off (TV) il a éteint la télé

• to turn off the light éteindre (la lumière)

• to turn off the engine couper le moteur

   b. ( = repel) (inf) rebuter

• what turns teenagers off science? qu'est-ce qui fait que les sciences n'attirent pas les adolescents ?► turn on

1. intransitive verb

   a. [oven] to turn on automatically s'allumer automatiquement

   b. millions of viewers turn on at 6 o'clock des millions de téléspectateurs allument la télé à 6 heures

2. inseparable transitive verb

( = attack) attaquer

3. separable transitive verb

   a. [+ tap] ouvrir ; [+ gas, electricity, television, heater] allumer ; [+ engine, machine] mettre en marche

• to turn on the light allumer (la lumière)

   b. ( = excite) (inf) exciter► turn out

1. intransitive verb

   a. not many people turned out to see her peu de gens sont venus la voir

   b. (in car) to turn out of a driveway sortir d'une allée

   c. ( = happen) se passer

• it all depends how things turn out tout dépend de la façon dont les choses vont se passer

• as it turned out, nobody came en fin de compte personne n'est venu

• it turned out nice [weather] il a fait beau en fin de compte

► to turn out to be s'avérer

• it turned out to be true cela s'est avéré juste

• it turned out to be harder than we thought cela s'est avéré plus difficile que l'on ne pensait

2. separable transitive verb

   a. [+ light] éteindre

   b. ( = empty out) [+ pockets, suitcase] vider ; [+ room, cupboard] nettoyer à fond ; ( = expel) [+ tenant] expulser

   c. ( = produce) fabriquer

   d. to be well turned out être élégant► turn over

1. intransitive verb

   a. ( = roll over) se retourner

• she turned over and went back to sleep elle s'est retournée et s'est rendormie

   b. ( = change channel) changer de chaîne ; ( = turn page) tourner la page

2. separable transitive verb

   a. [+ page] tourner ; [+ mattress, earth, playing card, tape] retourner

• to turn over an idea in one's mind retourner une idée dans sa tête

   b. ( = hand over) [+ person] livrer (to à)

3. inseparable transitive verb

• the firm turns over $10,000 a week l'entreprise réalise un chiffre d'affaires de 10 000 dollars par semaine► turn round

1. intransitive verb

   a. [person] se retourner ; ( = change direction) [person, vehicle] faire demi-tour ; ( = rotate) [object] tourner

• to turn round and round tourner sur soi-même

• he turned round and came back il a fait demi-tour et est revenu sur ses pas

   b. ( = improve) se redresser

2. separable transitive verb

   a. tourner ; [+ person] faire tourner

• he turned the ship round [captain] il a fait demi-tour

   b. ( = make successful) redresser ; ( = rephrase) reformuler

• to turn things round renverser la situation

• he managed to turn her round ( = change her mind) il a réussi à la faire changer d'avis► turn up

1. intransitive verb

( = arrive) arriver

• something will turn up on va bien trouver quelque chose

• don't worry about your ring, I'm sure it will turn up ne t'en fais pas pour ta bague, je suis sûr que tu finiras par la retrouver

2. separable transitive verb

   a. [+ collar] relever ; [+ sleeve] retrousser

• to have a turned-up nose avoir le nez retroussé

   b. ( = find) [+ evidence] trouver

• a survey turned up more than 3,000 people suffering from AIDS une enquête a révélé que plus de 3 000 personnes étaient atteintes du sida

   c. [+ radio, television] mettre plus fort

• to turn up the sound monter le son

• to turn up the heat (figurative) accentuer la pression

* * *
[tɜːn] 1.
noun

1) (in games, sequence) tour m

whose turn is it? — c'est à qui le tour?

‘miss a turn’ — ‘passez votre tour’

to be somebody's turn to do — être au tour de quelqu'un de faire

it was his turn to feel rejected — il se sentait rejeté à son tour

to have a turn on ou at ou with the computer — utiliser l'ordinateur à son tour

to take turns at doing —

to take it in turns to do — faire quelque chose à tour de rôle

take it in turns! — chacun son tour!

by turns — tour à tour

to speak out of turn — fig commettre un impair

2) ( circular movement) tour m

to give something a turn — tourner quelque chose

to do a turn — [dancer] faire un tour

to take a turn in the park — faire un tour dans le parc

3) ( in vehicle) virage m

to make ou do a left/right turn — tourner à gauche/à droite

to do a turn in the road — faire un demi-tour

‘no left turn’ — ‘défense de tourner à gauche’

4) (bend, side road) tournant m, virage m

take the next right turn —

take the next turn on the right — prenez la prochaine (rue) à droite

5) (change, development) tournure f

to take a turn for the better — [person, situation] s'améliorer; [things, events] prendre une meilleure tournure

to take a turn for the worse — [situation] se dégrader; [health] s'aggraver

to be on the turn — [luck, milk] commencer à tourner; [tide] commencer à changer; century

6) (colloq) GB ( attack) crise f

a giddy ou dizzy turn — un vertige

to have a funny turn — se sentir tout/-e chose (colloq)

it gave me quite a turn —

it gave me a nasty turn — ça m'a fait un coup (colloq)

7) ( act) numéro m
2.
in turn adverbial phrase

1) ( in rotation) [answer, speak] à tour de rôle

she spoke to each of us in turn — elle nous a parlé chacun à notre tour

2) ( linking sequence) à son tour
3.
transitive verb

1) ( rotate) [person] tourner [wheel, handle]; serrer [screw]; [mechanism] faire tourner [cog, wheel]

to turn the key in the door ou lock — ( lock up) fermer la porte à clé; ( unlock) tourner la clé dans la serrure

2) (turn over, reverse) retourner [mattress, soil, steak, collar]; tourner [page]

to turn one's ankle — se tordre la cheville

it turns my stomach — cela me soulève le cœur

3) ( change direction of) tourner [chair, head, face, car]

to turn one's back on — lit tourner le dos à [group, place]; fig laisser tomber [friend, ally]; abandonner [homeless, needy]

4) ( focus direction of)

to turn something on somebody — braquer quelque chose sur quelqu'un [gun, hose, torch]; fig diriger quelque chose sur quelqu'un [anger, scorn]

5) ( transform)

to turn something white/black — blanchir/noircir quelque chose

to turn something milky/opaque — rendre quelque chose laiteux/opaque

to turn something into — transformer quelque chose en [office, car park, desert]

to turn water into ice/wine — changer de l'eau en glace/vin

to turn a book into a film — adapter un livre pour l'écran

to turn somebody into — [magician] changer quelqu'un en [frog]; [experience] faire de quelqu'un [extrovert, maniac]

6) ( deflect) détourner [person, conversation] ( towards vers; from de)

7) (colloq) ( pass the age of)

he has turned 50 — il a 50 ans passés

she has just turned 20/30 — elle vient d'avoir 20/30 ans

8) ( on lathe) tourner [wood, piece, spindle]
4.
intransitive verb

1) ( change direction) [person, car, plane, road] tourner; [ship] virer

to turn down ou into — tourner dans [street, alley]

to turn towards — tourner en direction de [village, mountains]

the conversation turned to Ellie — on en est venu/ils en sont venus à parler d'Ellie

2) ( reverse direction) [person, vehicle] faire demi-tour; [tide] changer; [luck] tourner; turn around

3) ( revolve) [key, wheel, planet] tourner; [person] se tourner

to turn in one's chair — se retourner dans son fauteuil

to turn and walk out of the room — faire demi-tour et sortir de la pièce

I turned once again to my book — j'ai repris encore une fois ma lecture

4) fig ( hinge)

to turn on — [argument] tourner autour de [point, issue]; [outcome] dépendre de [factor]

5) ( spin round angrily)

to turn on somebody — [dog] attaquer quelqu'un; [person] se retourner contre quelqu'un

6) fig ( resort to)

to turn to — se tourner vers [person, religion]

to turn to drink/drugs — se mettre à boire/se droguer

I don't know where ou which way to turn — je ne sais plus où donner de la tête (colloq)

7) ( change)

to turn into — [person, tadpole] se transformer en [frog]; [sofa] se transformer en [bed]; [situation, evening] tourner à [farce, disaster]

to turn to — [substance] se changer en [ice, gold]; [fear, surprise] faire place à [horror, relief]

8) ( become by transformation) devenir [pale, cloudy, green]

to turn white/black/red — blanchir/noircir/rougir

the weather is turning cold/warm — le temps se rafraîchit/se réchauffe

9) (colloq) ( become) devenir [Conservative, Communist]

businesswoman turned politician — ancienne femme d'affaires devenue politicienne

10) ( go sour) [milk] tourner

11) [trees, leaves] jaunir

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- turn about

- turn against

- turn around

- turn aside

- turn away

- turn back

- turn down

- turn in

- turn off

- turn on

- turn out

- turn over

- turn round

- turn up

••

at every turn — ( all the time) à tout moment; ( everywhere) partout

one good turn deserves another — Prov c'est un prêté pour un rendu

to be done to a turn — être cuit à point

to do somebody a good turn — rendre un service à quelqu'un

English-French dictionary > turn
11 flight

1. полет; рейс/ летный; полетный; рейсовый

2. отряд; звено <ЛА>

см. тж. flight

flights per month

1-g flight

4-D flight

accelerated flight

acceptance flight

accident flight

accumulated flights

aerobatic flight

afterburning flight

agile flight

air taxi flight

air-breathing flight

air-refueled flight

airplane-mode flight

all-attitude flight

all-inertial flight

altimeter flight

altimeter-controlled flight

animal flight

area familiarization flight

automatic flight

avionics evaluation flight

axial flight

balanced flight

best-range flight

boomless flight

buffet flight

certificate of airworthiness flight

check flight

climbing flight

combat flight

connecting flight

constant airspeed-constant lift coefficient flight

constant altitude-constant airspeed flight

constant altitude-constant lift coefficient flight

constant altitude flight

controllable flight

controlled flight into terrain

coordinated flight

cross-controlled flight

cruise-climb flight

curvilinear flight

data-recording flight

delivery flight

departed flight

departure-resistant flight

descending flight

disturbed flight

domestic flight

east-west flight

edgewise flight

envelope clearance flight

envelope expansion flight

equilibrium flight

evaluation flight

exercise flight

experimental flight

ferry flight

fixed-rotor flight

fixed-wing flight

flawless flight

forward flight

free flight

free-hovering flight

full-wingborne flight

full-scale flight

full-throttle flight

functional flight

gliding flight

ground-air-ground flight

hard altitude-hard airspeed flight

high-angle flight

high-angle-of-attack flight

high-AOA flight

high-g flight

high-low-high flight

high-speed flight

high-subsonic flight

homeward flight

horizontal flight

hovering flight

hub flight

HUD flight

human-powered flight

IFR flight

inertial flight

inertially guided flight

instrument flight rules flight

inverted flight

jet-borne flight

large-angle maneuvering flight

level flight

long-endurance flight

long-haul flight

long-range flight

low-level flight

maiden flight

maneuvering flight

manned flight

manual flight

manually controlled flight

maximum continuous flight

maximum turning rate flight

maximum endurance flight

mean flights between maintenance actions

microburst wind-shear sampling flight

midcourse flight

minimum time flight

minimum turning radius flight

mishap flight

moderate supersonic flight

most-economical flight

nap-of-the-earth flight

nearly-horizontal flight

no-radar flight

nonlevel flight

nonmaneuver flight

nonmaneuvering flight

nonscheduled flight

nonturning flight

on-line flight

one-g flight

one-stop flight

OOC flight

open-loop flight

operational flight

orientation flight

out-of-control flight

outward flight

over-ocean flight

parabolic flight

post-maintenance check flight

post-stall flight

power-off flight

pre-delivery flight

quasi-steady-state flight

radar flight

rearward flight

rectilinear flight

revenue flight

rocket-borne flight

rotary-wing flight

rotational flight

route-proving flight

semiballistic flight

shakedown flight

short-range flight

shuttle flight

sideways flight

sightseeing flight

simulated terrain following flight

slow flight

smooth flight

spin flight

spinning flight

stable flight

stall flight

stalled flight

steady flight

steady-state flight

stepped-altitude flight

stopped rotor flight

store certification flight

straight flight

straight-line flight

super-stalled flight

supernormal flight

supersonic flight

sustained flight

symmetric flight

tail-rotorless flight

terminal maneuvering area flight

terrain flight

terrain-avoidance flight

terrain-following flight

tethered flight

TF/TA flight

to depart from controlled flight

training flight

transition flight

trimmed flight

turning flight

two-dimensional flight

ultrahigh-altitude flight

up-and-away flight

unaccelerated flight

uncoordinated flight

unpowered flight

unyawed flight

vertebrate flight

vertical flight

vertical-plane flight

VFR flight

VIP flight

visual flight

visual flight rules flight

voiсe-controlled flight

VSTOL flight

water-bombing flight

west bound flight

wingborne flight

wings-level flight

world-wide flight

yawed flight

Авиасловарь > flight
12 walk

1. intransitive verb
1) laufen; (as opposed to running) gehen; (as opposed to driving) zu Fuß gehen

you can walk there in five minutes — es sind nur 5 Minuten zu Fuß bis dorthin

‘walk’/‘don’t walk' — (Amer.): (at pedestrian lights) "gehen"/"warten"

walk on crutches/with a stick — an Krücken/am Stock gehen

learn to walk — laufen lernen

walk tall — (fig.) erhobenen Hauptes gehen (fig.)

2) (exercise) gehen; marschieren (ugs.)
2. transitive verb
1) entlanggehen; ablaufen [Strecke, Weg]; durchwandern [Gebiet]

walk the streets — durch die Straßen gehen/(aimlessly) laufen; (as prostitute) auf den Strich gehen (ugs.)

2) (cause to walk; lead) führen; ausführen [Hund]

walk somebody off his/her feet — jemanden [bis zur Erschöpfung] durch die Gegend schleifen (ugs.)

3) (accompany) bringen

he walked his girlfriend home — er brachte seine Freundin nach Hause
3. noun
1) Spaziergang, der

go [out] for or take or have a walk — einen Spaziergang machen

take somebody/the dog for a walk — jemanden/den Hund spazierenführen

a ten-mile walk — eine Wanderung von zehn Meilen; (distance)

ten minutes' walk from here — zehn Minuten zu Fuß von hier

2) (gait) Gang, der; (characteristic) normale Gangart

3) (Sport): (race) Wettbewerb im Gehen

the 10,000 metres walk — das 10 000-m-Gehen

4) (path, route) [Spazier]weg, der

5)

people from all walks of life — Leute aus den verschiedensten gesellschaftlichen Gruppierungen

Phrasal Verbs:

- academic.ru/80894/walk_about">walk about

- walk away

- walk in

- walk into

- walk off

- walk on

- walk out

- walk out of

- walk out on

- walk over

- walk up

* * *

(to walk, stand etc on the toes: He stood on tiptoe(s) to reach the shelf.) (sich) auf Zehenspitzen gehen (stellen)

* * *

walk

[wɔ:k, AM wɑ:k]

I. n

1. (going on foot) Gehen nt; (as recreation) Spaziergang m

it's only a five minute \walk away es sind nur fünf Minuten [zu Fuß] von hier

to go for [or take] a \walk einen Spaziergang machen

to take sb out for a \walk mit jdm einen Spaziergang machen

2. (gait) Gang m

3. (walking speed) of horse Schritt m

to drop into [or slow to] a \walk in Schritttempo verfallen

she slowed the horses to a \walk sie ließ die Pferde im Schritt gehen

4. (promenade) Spazierweg m; (path in rural area) Wanderweg m

5. (spiritual journey) [spirituelle] Suche

6.

▶ \walk of life soziale Schicht, Gesellschaftsschicht f

people from all \walks of life Leute aus allen Gesellschaftsschichten

II. vt

1. (go on foot)

▪ to \walk sth etw zu Fuß gehen

to \walk a distance eine Strecke zu Fuß zurücklegen

to \walk the plank ( hist: sailor's punishment) über eine Schiffsplanke ins Wasser getrieben werden

to \walk the streets (wander) durch die Straßen gehen; (be a prostitute) auf den Strich gehen sl

2. (accompany)

▪ to \walk sb somewhere jdn irgendwohin begleiten

to \walk sb off his/her feet ( fig) ein so zügiges Tempo vorlegen, dass jd kaum mithalten kann

he \walked me off my feet ich konnte kaum mit ihm mithalten

▪ to \walk sb through sth etw mit jdm durchgehen

to \walk sb home jdn nach Hause bringen

3. (take for a walk)

to \walk the dog den Hund ausführen, mit dem Hund Gassi gehen fam

4. BRIT ( fam: succeed easily)

▪ to \walk sth etw spielend meistern geh

III. vi

1. (go on foot)

▪ to \walk [somewhere] zu Fuß [irgendwohin] gehen

it takes half an hour to \walk to the office man braucht zu Fuß eine halbe Stunde ins Büro

can your toddler \walk yet? kann dein Kleiner schon laufen?

to \walk on one's hands auf den Händen laufen

to begin to \walk laufen lernen

2. (for exercise)

▪ to \walk [somewhere] [irgendwo] spazieren gehen

3. ( fig: take advantage of)

to \walk [all] over sb jdn ausnutzen [ o bes SÜDD, ÖSTERR, SCHWEIZ ausnützen

4. ( fig: get caught in)

to \walk [right [or straight]] into sth [mitten] in etw akk geraten

to \walk into a trap in eine Falle gehen [o fam tappen

5. (easily get)

to \walk [right [or straight]] into a job [leicht] eine Stelle bekommen

6. THEAT

▪ to \walk through sth etw [ein]üben

7. ( fig fam: go missing) Beine bekommen [o kriegen] fam

8.

▶ to \walk on air selig sein, sich akk wie im siebten Himmel fühlen, auf Wolken schweben

▶ to \walk the beat seine Runde gehen [o machen]

▶ to \walk on eggs [or eggshells] einen Eiertanz aufführen

▶ to \walk before one can run laufen lernen, bevor man springt

* * *
[wɔːk]
1. n

1) (= stroll) Spaziergang m; (= hike) Wanderung f; (SPORT) Gehen nt; (= competition) Geher-Wettkampf m; (= charity walk) Marsch m (für Wohltätigkeitszwecke)

a 20-mile walk along the roads — ein 20-Meilen-Marsch die Straße entlang

it's only 10 minutes' walk — es sind nur 10 Minuten zu Fuß

it's a long/short walk to the shops — zu den Läden ist es weit/nicht weit zu Fuß or zu gehen or zu laufen

it's a long walk but a short drive — zu Fuß ist es weit, aber mit dem Auto ganz nah

that's quite a walk — das ist eine ganz schöne Strecke, das ist ganz schön weit zu laufen (inf)

he thinks nothing of a 10-mile walk — 10 Meilen zu Fuß sind für ihn gar nichts

to go for a walk, to have or take a walk — einen Spaziergang machen, spazieren gehen

to take sb/the dog for a walk — mit jdm/dem Hund spazieren gehen or einen Spaziergang machen, den Hund ausführen or spazieren führen

2) (= gait) Gang m; (of horse) Gangart f

he went at a brisk walk — er ging schnellen Schrittes (geh) or schnell

the horse went at a walk — das Pferd ging im Schritt

he slowed his horse to a walk — er brachte sein Pferd in den Schritt

he ran for a bit, then slowed to a walk — er rannte ein Stück und ging dann im Schritttempo weiter

3) (= path) (in garden etc) (Park)weg m; (in hills etc) Weg m

4) (= route) Weg m; (signposted etc) Wander-/Spazierweg m

he knows some good walks in the Lake District — er kennt ein paar gute Wandermöglichkeiten or Wanderungen im Lake District

5)

walk of life — Milieu nt

people from all walks of life — Leute aus allen Schichten und Berufen

6) (US BASEBALL) Walk m, Freibase nt

2. vt

1) (= lead) person, horse (spazieren) führen; dog ausführen; (= ride at a walk) im Schritt gehen lassen

to walk sb home/to the bus —

she walked her baby up to the table — das Kind lief, von der Mutter gehalten or mit Hilfe der Mutter, zum Tisch

to walk sb off his feet or legs (inf) — jdn total erschöpfen

if we go hiking, I'll walk the legs off you (inf) — wenn wir zusammen wandern gehen, dann wirst du (bald) nicht mehr mithalten können

2) distance laufen, gehen

I've walked this road many times — ich bin diese Straße oft gegangen

3)

to walk the streets (prostitute) — auf den Strich gehen (inf); (in search of sth) durch die Straßen irren; (aimlessly) durch die Straßen streichen

to walk the boards (Theat) —

he learned his trade by walking the boards before turning to films — er hat sein Handwerk auf den Brettern gelernt, bevor er zum Film ging

to walk the plank — mit verbundenen Augen über eine Schiffsplanke ins Wasser getrieben werden

to walk the wards (Med) — famulieren

4) (US BASEBALL) einen Walk or ein Freibase geben (+dat)

3. vi

1) gehen, laufen

walk a little with me — gehen Sie ein Stück mit mir

to learn to walk — laufen lernen

you must learn to walk before you can run (prov) — man sollte den ersten Schritt vor dem zweiten tun

to walk in one's sleep — schlaf- or nachtwandeln

to walk with a stick — am Stock gehen

2) (= not ride) zu Fuß gehen, laufen (inf); (= stroll) spazieren gehen; (= hike) wandern

you can walk there in 5 minutes — da ist man in or bis dahin sind es 5 Minuten zu Fuß

to walk home — nach Hause laufen (inf), zu Fuß nach Hause gehen

we were out walking when the telegram arrived — wir waren gerade spazieren or auf einem Spaziergang, als das Telegramm kam

3) (ghost) umgehen, spuken

4) (inf: disappear) Beine bekommen (inf)

5) (US inf) (= quit one's job) kündigen; (= go on strike) in den Ausstand treten

* * *

walk [wɔːk]

A s

1. Gehen n:

go at a walk im Schritt gehen

2. Gang(art) m(f), Schritt m

3. Spaziergang m:

go for ( oder take, have) a walk einen Spaziergang machen, spazieren gehen;

take sb for a walk jemanden spazieren führen, mit jemandem spazieren gehen

4. (Spazier)Weg m:

a) Promenade f

b) Strecke f:

the station is just a 10-minute walk from here bis zum Bahnhof sind es nur 10 Gehminuten;

quite a walk ein gutes Stück zu gehen

5. Wanderung f

6. Route f (eines Hausierers etc), Runde f (eines Polizisten etc)

7. Allee f

8. Wandelgang m

9. a) (Geflügel)Auslauf m

b) → sheepwalk

10. fig Arbeitsgebiet n, (Betätigungs)Feld n:

the walk of the historian

11. meist walk of life

a) (soziale) Schicht oder Stellung, Lebensbereich m,

b) Beruf m

B v/i

1. a) gehen (auch Leichtathletik), zu Fuß gehen, laufen:

“Walk” „Gehen“;

“Don’t Walk” „Warten“

b) (Basketball) einen Schrittfehler machen

2. im Schritt gehen (auch Pferd)

3. wandern

4. spazieren gehen: → air¹ A 1

5. umgehen, spuken (Geist):

walk in one’s sleep nacht-, schlafwandeln

C v/t

1. eine Strecke (zu Fuß) zurücklegen oder gehen

2. einen Bezirk etc durchwandern, einen Raum durchschreiten, gehen durch oder über (akk)

3. auf und ab gehen in oder auf (dat): → chalk line, plank A 1, street A 1

4. abschreiten, entlanggehen

5. ein Pferd führen, im Schritt gehen lassen

6. jemanden führen: → walk off B 1

7. spazieren führen

8. jemanden begleiten:

walk sb to the station

9. Br um die Wette gehen mit:

I’ll walk you 10 miles

* * *
1. intransitive verb
1) laufen; (as opposed to running) gehen; (as opposed to driving) zu Fuß gehen

you can walk there in five minutes — es sind nur 5 Minuten zu Fuß bis dorthin

‘walk’/‘don’t walk' — (Amer.): (at pedestrian lights) "gehen"/"warten"

walk on crutches/with a stick — an Krücken/am Stock gehen

learn to walk — laufen lernen

walk tall — (fig.) erhobenen Hauptes gehen (fig.)

2) (exercise) gehen; marschieren (ugs.)
2. transitive verb
1) entlanggehen; ablaufen [Strecke, Weg]; durchwandern [Gebiet]

walk the streets — durch die Straßen gehen/ (aimlessly) laufen; (as prostitute) auf den Strich gehen (ugs.)

2) (cause to walk; lead) führen; ausführen [Hund]

walk somebody off his/her feet — jemanden [bis zur Erschöpfung] durch die Gegend schleifen (ugs.)

3) (accompany) bringen

he walked his girlfriend home — er brachte seine Freundin nach Hause
3. noun
1) Spaziergang, der

go [out] for or take or have a walk — einen Spaziergang machen

take somebody/the dog for a walk — jemanden/den Hund spazierenführen

a ten-mile walk — eine Wanderung von zehn Meilen; (distance)

ten minutes' walk from here — zehn Minuten zu Fuß von hier

2) (gait) Gang, der; (characteristic) normale Gangart

3) (Sport): (race) Wettbewerb im Gehen

the 10,000 metres walk — das 10 000-m-Gehen

4) (path, route) [Spazier]weg, der

5)

people from all walks of life — Leute aus den verschiedensten gesellschaftlichen Gruppierungen

Phrasal Verbs:

- walk about

- walk away

- walk in

- walk into

- walk off

- walk on

- walk out

- walk out of

- walk out on

- walk over

- walk up

* * *

v.

gehen v.

(§ p.,pp.: ging, ist gegangen)

laufen v.

(§ p.,pp.: lief, ist gelaufen)

spuken durch ausdr.

wandeln (gehen) v. n.

Gang ¨-e m.

Marsch -¨e m.

Spaziergang m.

English-german dictionary > walk
13 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
14 wrong

wrong [rɒŋ]

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

1. adjective

2. adverb

3. noun

4. compounds

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

1. adjective

   a. ( = incorrect) [guess] erroné ; [answer, sum] faux ( fausse f)

• the letter has the wrong date on it ils se sont trompés de date sur la lettre

• I'm in the wrong job je ne suis pas fait pour ce travail

• that's the wrong kind of plug ce n'est pas la prise qu'il faut

• you've picked the wrong man if you want someone to mend a fuse vous tombez mal si vous voulez quelqu'un qui puisse réparer un fusible

• you've put it back in the wrong place vous ne l'avez pas remis à la bonne place

• to say the wrong thing dire ce qu'il ne faut pas dire

• he told me the wrong time il ne m'a pas donné la bonne heure

• he got on the wrong train il s'est trompé de train

► to be wrong se tromper

• I was wrong about him je me suis trompé sur son compte

• my watch is wrong ma montre n'est pas à l'heure

• you are wrong to think that tu as tort de penser cela► to get sth/sb wrong

• you've got your facts wrong ce que vous avancez est faux

• he got the figures wrong il s'est trompé dans les chiffres

• he got all his sums wrong toutes ses opérations étaient fausses

• you've got it all wrong (inf) ( = misunderstood) vous n'avez rien compris

• don't get me wrong (inf) comprends-moi bien

   b. ( = bad) mal inv ; ( = unfair) injuste

• it is wrong to lie c'est mal de mentir

• it was wrong of you to hit him tu as eu tort de le frapper

   c. ( = exceptionable) there's nothing wrong with hoping that... il n'y a pas de mal à espérer que...

• there's nothing wrong with (doing) that il n'y a rien de mal à (faire) cela

   d. ( = amiss) something's wrong (with it) il y a quelque chose qui ne va pas

• there's something wrong with him il y a quelque chose qui ne va pas chez lui

• something's wrong with my watch ma montre ne marche pas comme il faut

• something was very wrong quelque chose n'allait vraiment pas

• there's nothing wrong with it [+ plan] c'est tout à fait valable ; [+ machine, car] ça marche très bien

• there's nothing wrong with him il va très bien

► what's wrong? qu'est-ce qui ne va pas ?

• what's wrong with you? qu'est-ce que tu as ?

• what's wrong with your arm? qu'est-ce que vous avez au bras ?

• what's wrong with the car? qu'est-ce qu'elle a, la voiture ?

2. adverb

[answer, guess] mal

• you're doing it all wrong vous vous y prenez mal

• you've spelt it wrong vous l'avez mal écrit

• you thought wrong tu t'es trompé

• how wrong can you get! (inf) comme on peut se tromper !

► to go wrong (in calculations, negotiations) faire une erreur ; [plan] mal tourner

• you can't go wrong (in directions) vous ne pouvez pas vous tromper ; (in choice of job, car) (de toute façon) c'est un bon choix

• nothing can go wrong now tout va marcher comme sur des roulettes maintenant

• everything went wrong that day tout est allé de travers ce jour-là

3. noun

   a. ( = evil) mal m

• to do wrong mal agir

• he can do no wrong in her eyes tout ce qu'il fait est bien à ses yeux

   b. ( = injustice) injustice f

• to right a wrong réparer une injustice (PROV) two wrongs don't make a right on ne répare pas une injustice par une autre injustice

   c. ► in the wrong

• to be in the wrong avoir tort

• to put sb in the wrong mettre qn dans son tort

4. compounds

► wrong-foot transitive verb (Sport) prendre à contre-pied ; (British figurative) prendre au dépourvu

► wrong-headed adjective [person] buté ; [idea, approach] aberrant

* * *
[rɒŋ], US [rɔːŋ] 1.
noun

1) [U] ( evil) mal m

in their eyes, she could do no wrong — pour eux, tout ce qu'elle faisait était parfait

2) ( injustice) tort m

to right a wrong — réparer un tort

the rights and wrongs of the matter — les aspects moraux de la question

3) Law délit m
2.
adjective

1) ( incorrect) ( ill-chosen) mauvais; ( containing errors) erroné

it's the wrong glue for the purpose — ce n'est pas la colle qu'il faut

to prove to be wrong — se révéler faux

to go the wrong way — se tromper de chemin

to take the wrong road — se tromper de route

to take the wrong turning GB ou turn — ne pas tourner au bon endroit

to give the wrong answer — ne pas donner la bonne réponse

everything I do is wrong — je ne fais jamais rien de bien

it was the wrong thing to say — c'était la chose à ne pas dire

to say the wrong thing — faire une gaffe

don't get the wrong idea — ne te méprends pas

don't get me wrong, I'm not saying that he's stupid but... — ne te méprends pas, je ne dis pas qu'il est idiot mais...

don't get me wrong, I'm not criticizing you — ne le prends pas mal, je ne te critique pas

you've got the wrong number — vous faites erreur

2) ( reprehensible)

it is wrong to do — c'est mal de faire

she hasn't done anything wrong — elle n'a rien fait de mal

it was wrong of me to do — je n'aurais pas dû faire

it is wrong for somebody to do — ce n'est pas juste que quelqu'un fasse

it is wrong that — c'est injuste que

there's nothing wrong with ou in something — il n'y a pas de mal à quelque chose

what's wrong with trying? — quel mal y a-t-il à essayer?

(so) what's wrong with that? — où est le mal?

3) ( mistaken)

to be wrong — [person] avoir tort, se tromper

that's where you're wrong — c'est là que tu te trompes

how wrong can you be! — comme on peut se tromper!

I might be wrong — il se peut que je me trompe

to be wrong about — se tromper sur

she was wrong about him — elle s'est trompée sur son compte

am I wrong in thinking that...? — ai-je tort de penser que...?

to prove somebody wrong — donner tort à quelqu'un

4) ( not as it should be)

there is something (badly) wrong — il y a quelque chose qui ne va pas (du tout)

there's something wrong with this computer — il y a un problème avec cet ordinateur

what's wrong with your arm? — qu'est-ce que tu as au bras?

what's wrong with you? — ( to person suffering) qu'est-ce que tu as?; ( to person behaving oddly) qu'est-ce qui t'arrive?

nothing wrong is there? — tout va bien?
3.
adverb

to get something wrong — se tromper de quelque chose [date, time, details]; se tromper dans quelque chose [calculations]

I think you've got it wrong — je pense que tu te trompes

to go wrong — [person] se tromper; [machine] ne plus marcher; [plan] ne pas marcher

you won't go far wrong if... — vous ne risquez pas de faire fausse route si...

you can't go wrong — ( in choice of route) tu ne peux pas te tromper; ( are bound to succeed) tu peux être tranquille
4.
transitive verb ( treat unjustly) faire du tort à [person, family]

••

to be in the wrong — être dans mon/ton etc tort

to be wrong in the head — (colloq) être dérangé (colloq)

to get into the wrong hands — tomber dans de mauvaises mains

to get on the wrong side of somebody — se faire mal voir de quelqu'un

to go down the wrong way — [food, drink] passer de travers

two wrongs don't make a right — on ne répare pas une injustice avec une autre

you've got me all wrong — vous ne m'avez pas du tout compris

English-French dictionary > wrong
15 wrong

wrong, US rO ;N

A n

1 ¢ ( evil) mal m ; no sense of right or wrong aucun sens du bien ou du mal ; she could do no wrong elle était incapable de faire du mal ; in their eyes, she could do no wrong pour eux, tout ce qu'elle faisait était parfait ;

2 ( injustice) tort m ; to right a wrong réparer un tort ; to do sb wrong/a great wrong sout faire du tort/beaucoup de tort à qn ; the rights and wrongs of the matter les aspects moraux de la question ;

3 Jur délit m ; private/public wrong délit civil/pénal.

B adj

1 ( incorrect) ( ill-chosen) mauvais ; ( containing errors) [total] erroné ; [note, forecast, hypothesis] faux/fausse, erroné ; in the wrong place at the wrong time au mauvais endroit au mauvais moment ; he picked up the wrong key il a pris la mauvaise clé ; it's the wrong wood/glue for the purpose ce n'est pas le bois/la colle qu'il faut ; she was the wrong woman for you ce n'était pas la femme qu'il te fallait ; to prove to be wrong [forecast, hypothesis] se révéler faux ; to go the wrong way/to the wrong place se tromper de chemin/d'endroit ; to take the wrong road/train se tromper de route/train ; to take the wrong turning GB ou turn US ne pas tourner au bon endroit ; to give the wrong password/answer ne pas donner le bon mot de passe/la bonne réponse ; confrontation is the wrong approach l'affrontement n'est pas la bonne méthode ; everything I do is wrong je ne fais jamais rien de bon ; it was the wrong thing to say/do c'était la chose à ne pas dire/faire ; to say the wrong thing faire une gaffe, dire ce qu'il ne faut/fallait etc pas dire ; don't get the wrong idea ne te méprends pas ; you've got the wrong number ( on phone) vous faites erreur ;

2 (reprehensible, unjust) it is wrong to do c'est mal de faire ; it's wrong to cheat c'est mal de tricher ; she hasn't done anything wrong elle n'a rien fait de mal ; it was wrong of me/you to do je/tu n'aurais pas dû faire ; it is wrong for sb to do ce n'est pas juste que qn fasse ; it's wrong for her to have to struggle alone ce n'est pas juste qu'elle soit obligée de lutter seule ; it is wrong that c'est injuste que (+ subj) ; it is wrong that the poor should go hungry c'est injuste que les pauvres aient faim ; there's nothing wrong with ou in sth il n'y a pas de mal à qch ; there's nothing wrong with ou in doing il n'y a pas de mal à faire ; what's wrong with trying? quel mal y a-t-il à essayer? ; (so) what's wrong with that? où est le mal? ;

3 ( mistaken) to be wrong [person] avoir tort, se tromper ; that's where you're wrong c'est là que tu te trompes ; can you prove I'm wrong? est-ce que tu peux prouver que j'ai tort? ; how wrong can you be! comme on peut se tromper! ; I might be wrong il se peut que je me trompe ; to be wrong about se tromper sur [person, situation, details] ; she was wrong about him elle s'est trompée sur son compte ; to be wrong to do ou in doing sout avoir tort de faire ; you are wrong to accuse me vous avez tort de m'accuser ; am I wrong in thinking that…? ai-je tort de penser que…? ; to prove sb wrong donner tort à qn ;

4 ( not as it should be) to be wrong ne pas aller ; there is something (badly) wrong il y a quelque chose qui ne va pas (du tout) ; what's wrong? qu'est-ce qui ne va pas? ; what's wrong with the machine/clock? qu'est-ce qui ne va pas avec la machine/pendule? ; there's something wrong with this computer cet ordinateur a quelque chose qui ne va pas ; the wording is all wrong la formulation ne va pas du tout ; what's wrong with your arm/leg? qu'est-ce que tu as au bras/à la jambe? ; what's wrong with you? ( to person suffering) qu'est-ce que tu as? ; ( to person behaving oddly) qu'est-ce qui t'arrive or te prend? ; your clock is wrong votre pendule n'est pas à l'heure ; nothing wrong is there? tout va bien?

C adv to get sth wrong se tromper de qch [date, time, details] ; se tromper dans qch [calculations] ; I think you've got it wrong je pense que tu te trompes ; to go wrong [person] se tromper ; [machine] ne plus marcher ; [plan] ne pas marcher ; what's gone wrong between them? qu'est-ce qui n'a pas marché entre eux? ; you won't go far wrong if… vous ne risquez pas de faire fausse route si… ; you can't go wrong ( in choice of route) tu ne peux pas te tromper ; ( are bound to succeed) tu peux être tranquille.

D vtr

1 ( treat unjustly) faire du tort à [person, family] ;

2 sout ( judge unfairly) mésestimer.

Idioms

to be in the wrong être dans mon/ton etc tort ; to be wrong in the head ○ être dérangé ○, avoir une case en moins ○ ; don't get me wrong ne le prends pas mal ; to get into the wrong hands tomber dans de mauvaises mains ; to get on the wrong side of sb se faire mal voir de qn ; to go down the wrong way [food, drink] passer de travers ; to jump to the wrong conclusions tirer des conclusions hâtives ; two wrongs don't make a right on ne répare pas une injustice avec une autre ; you've got me all wrong vous ne m'avez pas du tout compris ; ⇒ stick.

Big English-French dictionary > wrong
16 module

1) модуль; блок, функциональный блок; узел, унифицированный узел

2) модуль зубчатого зацепления

3) единица измерения

4) вчт. программный модуль

•

- adapter module
- administrative module
- assembly module
- axial module
- CAM module
- cell control module
- center control module
- clamping module
- computation module
- computer module
- control module
- coordinate gaging module
- CRT-keyboard programming module
- cutter module
- data output module
- digital module
- drafting module
- drill-and-tap module
- drilling-and-tapping module
- EDP module
- electronic data processing module
- electronic module
- expandable module
- feeder module
- flexible manufacturing module
- forward and inverse kinematic module
- functional module
- generative NC module
- generic module
- hardware/software module
- inductive module
- initializing module
- invoicing module
- job route sequencing module
- logic module
- machine data acquisition module
- machine module
- machining center module
- machining estimating module
- machining module
- manipulating module
- module of container dimensions
- multiheadchanger module
- multipurpose machining module
- normal module
- parametric estimating module
- parametric machining module
- parts assembly module
- pendant control module
- pick and place module
- pick and place transfer module
- pre-CMM module
- probe module
- process module
- processing module
- program module
- programming module
- PWM module
- robotic grip module
- robotic slip module
- robotic torque module
- routing module
- seal touch display module
- sealed electronic module
- sector master module
- security module
- sensory processing module
- sheet metal design module
- signal-processing module
- solids module
- source module
- speed control module
- standard module
- standard processing module
- subordinate module
- supervisor module
- thermoelectric module
- three-dimensional module
- tool module
- trajectory planner module
- transfer module
- transverse module
- turning module
- unmanned module
- versatile logic module
- vertical turning module
- vertical-lift module
- video module
- vision module
- WSO module

English-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > module
17 direction

- ʃən

noun

1) ((the) place or point to which one moves, looks etc: What direction did he go in?; They were heading in my direction (= towards me); I'll find my way all right - I've a good sense of direction.) dirección

2) (guidance: They are under your direction.) dirección

3) ((in plural) instructions (eg on how to get somewhere, use something etc): We asked the policeman for directions; I have lost the directions for this washing-machine.) instrucciones

4) (the act of aiming or turning (something or someone) towards a certain point.) orientación

direction n dirección / sentido

you're going in the opposite direction vas en sentido contrario

direction

tr[dɪ'rekʃən, daɪ'rekʃən]

noun

1 (way, course) dirección nombre femenino

■ in all directions en todas direcciones

■ in the direction of... en dirección a...

■ sense of direction sentido de la orientación

■ it's a step in the right direction es un paso hacia adelante

2 (control, management) dirección nombre femenino

■ under the direction of... bajo la dirección de...

plural noun directions

1 (to place) señas nombre femenino plural, indicaciones nombre femenino plural; (for use, assembly) instrucciones nombre femenino plural, indicaciones nombre femenino plural

■ we had to ask someone for directions tuvimos que preguntar el camino

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

'Directions for use' "Modo de empleo", "Instrucciones de uso"

direction [də'rɛkʃən, daɪ-] n

1) supervision: dirección f

2) instruction, order: instrucción f, orden f

3) course: dirección f, rumbo m

to change direction: cambiar de dirección

4)

to ask directions : pedir indicaciones

direction (Computing)

n.

• dirección s.f.

n.

• dirección (Informática) s.f.

• instrucción s.f.

• sentido s.m.

də'rekʃən, dai-, daɪ'rekʃən, dɪ-
noun

1) c (course, compass point) dirección f

sense of direction — sentido m de (la) orientación

it's a step in the right direction — es un paso positivo

in the direction of — en dirección a

2) u ( purpose)

he lacks direction — no tiene un norte

3) u ( supervision) dirección f

4) directions pl ( for route) indicaciones fpl; (for task, use, assembly) instrucciones fpl, indicaciones fpl

[dɪ'rekʃǝn]
1. N

1) (=course) dirección f

in the direction of — hacia, en dirección a

sense of direction — sentido m de la orientación

in the opposite direction — en sentido contrario

in all directions — por todos lados

they ran off in different directions — salieron corriendo cada uno por su lado

2) (fig) (=purpose) orientación f ; (=control) mando m ; [of play, film] dirección f

3) directions (=instructions) (for use) instrucciones fpl ; (to a place) señas fpl

directions for use — modo m de empleo, instrucciones fpl de uso

2.

CPD

direction finder N — radiogoniómetro m

direction indicator N — (Aut) intermitente m

* * *
[də'rekʃən, dai-, daɪ'rekʃən, dɪ-]
noun

1) c (course, compass point) dirección f

sense of direction — sentido m de (la) orientación

it's a step in the right direction — es un paso positivo

in the direction of — en dirección a

2) u ( purpose)

he lacks direction — no tiene un norte

3) u ( supervision) dirección f

4) directions pl ( for route) indicaciones fpl; (for task, use, assembly) instrucciones fpl, indicaciones fpl

English-spanish dictionary > direction
18 by

I 1. preposition
1) (near, beside) an (+ Dat.); bei; (next to) neben

by the window/river — am Fenster/Fluss

she sat by me — sie saß neben mir

2) (to position beside) zu

3) (about, in the possession of) bei

have something by one — etwas bei sich haben

4)

north-east by east — Nordost auf Ost

5)

by herself — etc. see academic.ru/34615/herself">herself 1)

6) (along) entlang

by the river — am od. den Fluss entlang

7) (via) über (+ Akk.)

leave by the door/window — zur Tür hinausgehen/zum Fenster hinaussteigen

we came by the quickest/shortest route — wir sind die schnellste/kürzeste Strecke gefahren

8) (passing) vorbei an (+ Dat.)

run/drive by somebody/something — an jemandem/etwas vorbeilaufen/vorbeifahren

9) (during) bei

by day/night — bei Tag/Nacht; tagsüber/nachts

10) (through the agency of) von

written by... — geschrieben von...

11) (through the means of) durch

he was killed by lightning/a falling chimney — er ist vom Blitz/von einem umstürzenden Schornstein erschlagen worden

heated by gas/oil — mit Gas/Öl geheizt; gas-/ölbeheizt

by bus/ship — etc. mit dem Bus/Schiff usw.

by air/sea — mit dem Flugzeug/Schiff

have children by somebody — Kinder von jemandem haben

12) (not later than) bis

by now/this time — inzwischen

by next week she will be in China — nächste Woche ist sie schon in China

by the time this letter reaches you — bis dich dieser Brief erreicht

by the 20th — bis zum 20.

13) (indicating unit of time) pro; (indicating unit of length, weight, etc.) -weise

by the second/minute/hour — pro Sekunde/Minute/Stunde

rent a house by the year — ein Haus für jeweils ein Jahr mieten

you can hire a car by the day or by the week — man kann sich (Dat.) ein Auto tageweise oder wochenweise mieten

day by day/month by month, by the day/month — (as each day/month passes) Tag für Tag/Monat für Monat

cloth by the metre — Stoff am Meter

sell something by the packet/ton/dozen — etwas paket-/tonnenweise/im Dutzend verkaufen

10 ft. by 20 ft. — 10 [Fuß] mal 20 Fuß

14) (indicating amount)

by the thousands — zu Tausenden

one by one — einzeln

two by two/three by three/four by four — zu zweit/dritt/viert

little by little — nach und nach

15) (indicating factor) durch

8 divided by 2 is 4 — 8 geteilt durch 2 ist 4

16) (indicating extent) um

wider by a foot — um einen Fuß breiter

win by ten metres — mit zehn Metern Vorsprung gewinnen

passed by nine votes to two — mit neun zu zwei Stimmen angenommen

17) (according to) nach

by my watch — nach meiner Uhr

18) in oaths bei

by [Almighty] God — bei Gott[, dem Allmächtigen]
2. adverb
1) (past) vorbei

drive/run/flow by — vorbeifahren/-laufen/-fließen

2) (near)

close/near by — in der Nähe

3)

by and large — im großen und ganzen

by and by — nach und nach; (in past) nach einer Weile
II
see bye II

* * *
1. preposition
1) (next to; near; at the side of: by the door; He sat by his sister.) bei

2) (past: going by the house.) vorbei

3) (through; along; across: We came by the main road.) über

4) (used (in the passive voice) to show the person or thing which performs an action: struck by a stone.) von

5) (using: He's going to contact us by letter; We travelled by train.) mit

6) (from; through the means of: I met her by chance; by post.) durch

7) ((of time) not later than: by 6 o'clock.) um

8) (during the time of.) während

9) (to the extent of: taller by ten centimetres.) um

10) (used to give measurements etc: 4 metres by 2 metres.) mal

11) (in quantities of: fruit sold by the kilo.) (kilo-, etc.)weise

12) (in respect of: a teacher by profession.) von
2. adverb
1) (near: They stood by and watched.) dabei

2) (past: A dog ran by.) vorbei

3) (aside; away: money put by for an emergency.) beiseite

•

- bygones: let bygones be bygones
- bypass 3. verb
(to avoid (a place) by taking such a road.) umgehen

- by-product
- bystander
- by and by
- by and large
- by oneself
- by the way
* * *

by

[baɪ]

I. prep

1. (beside) bei, an

a hotel \by the river ein Hotel am Fluss

my desk is \by the window mein Schreibtisch steht am Fenster

come and sit \by me komm und setz dich zu mir [o neben mich]

\by the roadside am Straßenrand

\by sb's side an jds Seite

2. (part of sb/sth) bei

to grab sb \by the arm jdn am Arm packen

to seize sb \by their hair jdn am Schopf packen

to take sb \by the hand jdn bei der Hand nehmen

3. (past and beyond) vorbei

he drove \by our house er ist an unserem Haus vorbeigefahren

she walked \by me without speaking sie ging, ohne etwas zu sagen, an mir vorbei

\by the door durch die Tür

4. (not later than) bis

\by this time next week I'll be on holiday nächste Woche um diese Zeit bin ich in Urlaub

\by five o'clock/tomorrow [spätestens] bis fünf Uhr/morgen

\by 14 February [spätestens] bis zum 14.02.

\by now [or this time] inzwischen

she ought to have arrived \by now sie müsste inzwischen angekommen sein

\by the time... bis...

\by the time [that] this letter reaches you I will have left London wenn dieser Brief dich erreicht, werde ich schon nicht mehr in London sein

5. (during) bei

they ate \by candlelight sie aßen bei Kerzenlicht

\by day/night tagsüber [o bei Tag] /nachts [o bei Nacht

6. (happening progressively) für

the children came in two \by two die Kinder kamen in Zweiergruppen herein

the situation becomes worse \by the day die Lage verschlechtert sich von Tag zu Tag

bit \by bit nach und nach

day \by day Tag für Tag

minute \by minute Minute um Minute, im Minutenabstand

7. (agent) von, durch

the cake is made \by Anne der Kuchen ist von Anne [gebacken], den Kuchen hat Anne gebacken

an attack \by the enemy ein Angriff durch den Feind, ein Feindangriff

a book/painting \by Irene ein Buch/ein Gemälde von Irene

a decision \by his father eine Entscheidung seines Vaters

8. (cause) von, durch

the damage was caused \by fire der Schaden wurde durch einen Brand verursacht

\by chance durch Zufall, zufällig

\by contrast im Gegensatz

Richard, \by contrast, works very much Richard hingegen arbeitet sehr viel

death \by misadventure Tod durch Unfall

9. (with -ing)

you switch it on \by pressing this button man schaltet es ein, indem man auf diesen Knopf drückt

10. (method) mit

to pay \by cheque mit Scheck bezahlen

to contact sb \by letter jdn anschreiben

11. (means of transport) mit

to travel \by air fliegen

\by boat/bus/car/train mit dem Schiff/Bus/Auto/Zug

to travel \by road über Land fahren

to travel \by sea auf dem Seeweg reisen

12. (parent) von

she's his daughter \by his second wife sie ist seine Tochter mit seiner zweiten Frau [o aus zweiter Ehe]

a black filly \by Golden Summer ein schwarzes Fohlen von Golden Summer

13. (term) mit

what is meant \by ‘cool’? was bedeutet ‚cool‘?

14. (name of a person) bei

he mostly calls her \by her last name er redet sie meistens mit ihrem Nachnamen an

15. (according to) nach, von

I'm German \by birth von Geburt bin ich Deutsche

\by my watch it's six o'clock nach meiner Uhr ist es sechs

he could tell \by the look on her face that... er konnte an ihrem Gesichtsausdruck ablesen, dass...

\by law, he's still a child dem Gesetz nach [o laut Gesetz] ist er noch ein Kind

that's all right \by me ich bin damit einverstanden

to live \by the rules sich akk an die Vorschriften halten

\by trade [or profession] von Beruf

16. (quantity)

he rented the car \by the day er hat den Wagen tageweise gemietet

it's sold \by the metre es wird am Meter verkauft

to sell \by the dozen/hundred/thousand zu Dutzenden/Hunderten/Tausenden verkaufen

to get paid \by the hour stundenweise bezahlt werden

17. (margin) um

prices went up \by 20% die Preise sind um 20 % gestiegen

the bullet missed her \by two centimetres die Kugel verfehlte sie um zwei Zentimeter [o ging nur zwei Zentimeter an ihr vorbei]

it would be better \by far to... es wäre weitaus besser,...

18. (measurements) mal

the room measures 5 metres \by 8 metres das Zimmer misst 5 mal 8 Meter

19. MATH

8 multiplied \by 3 equals 24 8 mal 3 macht 24

8 divided \by 4 equals 2 8 geteilt durch 4 ist 2

he multiplied it \by 20 er hat es mit 20 multipliziert

20. (in oaths) bei

I swear \by Almighty God that... ich schwöre bei dem allmächtigen Gott, dass...

II. adv inv

1. (past) vorbei

excuse me, I can't get \by Entschuldigung, ich komme nicht vorbei

time goes \by so quickly die Zeit vergeht so schnell

to come \by vorbeikommen

I'll come \by tomorrow ich komme morgen mal vorbei

to drive \by vorbeifahren

to pass \by vorbeikommen

to speed \by sb/sth an jdm/etw vorbeisausen

2. (near) in der Nähe

close \by ganz in der Nähe, in unmittelbarer Nähe

3. (in reserve)

to put [or lay] some money \by etwas [Geld] zurücklegen [o auf die Seite legen

4.

▶ \by and \by ( dated) bald

▶ \by and large im Großen und Ganzen

▶ \by oneself (alone) allein

to live \by oneself allein leben; (unaided) selbst

he can dress \by himself er kann sich selbst [o alleine] anziehen

▶ \by the \by nebenbei bemerkt

where's Jane, \by the \by? wo ist denn eigentlich Jane?

* * *
[baɪ]
1. prep

1) (= close to) bei, an (+dat); (with movement) an (+acc); (= next to) neben (+dat); (with movement) neben (+acc)

by the window/fire/river — am or beim Fenster/Feuer/Fluss

by the church — an or bei der Kirche

by the sea — Ferien pl an der See

come and sit by me — komm, setz dich neben mich

she sat by me — sie saß neben mir

to keep sth by one — etw bei sich haben

2) (= via) über (+acc)

3)

(= past) to go/rush etc by sb/sth — an jdm/etw vorbeigehen/-eilen etc

4)

(time = during) by day/night — bei Tag/Nacht

5) (time = not later than) bis

can you do it by tomorrow? — kannst du es bis morgen machen?

by tomorrow I'll be in France — morgen werde ich in Frankreich sein

by the time I got there, he had gone — bis ich dorthin kam, war er gegangen

but by that time or by then I had realized that... — aber bis dahin war mir klar geworden, dass...

but by that time or by then it will be too late —

but by that time or by then he will have forgotten — aber bis dann or dahin hat er es schon vergessen

by now — inzwischen

6)

(indicating amount) by the inch/kilo/hour/month — zoll-/kilo-/stunden-/monatsweise

one by one — einer nach dem anderen

they came in two by two — sie kamen paarweise herein

letters came in by the hundred — hunderte or Hunderte von Briefen kamen

7) (indicating agent, cause) von

killed by a bullet — durch eine or von einer Kugel getötet

indicated by an asterisk —

a painting by Picasso surrounded by — ein Bild von Picasso umgeben von

8)

(indicating method, means, manner: see also nouns) by bus/car/bicycle — mit dem or per Bus/Auto/Fahrrad

by land and (by) sea — zu Land und zu Wasser

or check (US) — mit Scheck bezahlen

made by hand — handgearbeitet

made by machine — maschinell hergestellt

by daylight/moonlight — bei Tag(eslicht)/im Mondschein

to know sb by name/sight — jdn dem Namen nach/vom Sehen her kennen

to be known by the name of... — unter dem Namen... bekannt sein

to lead sb by the hand — jdn an der Hand führen

to grab sb by the collar — jdn am Kragen packen

he had a daughter by his first wife — von seiner ersten Frau hatte er eine Tochter

by myself/himself etc — allein

9)

by saving hard he managed to... — durch eisernes Sparen or dadurch, dass er eisern sparte, gelang es ihm...

by turning this knob —

by saying that I didn't mean... — ich habe damit nicht gemeint...

animals which move by wriggling — Tiere, die sich schlängelnd fortbewegen

he could walk by supporting himself on... — gestützt auf... könnte er gehen

10) (according to: see also nouns) nach

to judge by appearances — nach dem Äußern urteilen

by my watch it is nine o'clock — nach meiner Uhr ist es neun

if you play by the rules (fig) — wenn du dich an die Regel hältst

by the terms of Article I — gemäß or nach (den Bestimmungen von) Artikel I

to call sb/sth by his/its proper name — jdn/etw beim richtigen Namen nennen

if it's OK by you/him etc — wenn es Ihnen/ihm etc recht ist

it's all right by me — von mir aus gern or schon

11) (measuring difference) um

broader by a foot — um einen Fuß breiter

it missed me by inches — es verfehlte mich um Zentimeter

12) (MATH, MEASURE)

to divide/multiply by — dividieren durch/multiplizieren mit

a room 20 feet by 30 — ein Zimmer 20 auf or mal 30 Fuß

13)

(points of compass) South by South West — Südsüdwest

14) (in oaths) bei

I swear by Almighty God —

by heaven, I'll get you for this — das sollst or wirst du mir, bei Gott, büßen!

15)

by the right! (Mil) — rechts, links...!

16)

by the way or by(e) — übrigens

2. adv

1)

(= past) to pass/wander/rush etc by — vorbei- or vorüberkommen/-wandern/-eilen etc

2)

(= in reserve) to put or lay by — beiseitelegen

3)

(phrases) by and by — irgendwann; (with past tense) nach einiger Zeit

by and large — im Großen und Ganzen

* * *

by¹ [baı]

A präp

1. (örtlich) (nahe oder dicht) bei oder an (dat), neben (dat):

a house by the river ein Haus beim oder am Fluss;

side by side Seite an Seite

2. vorbei oder vorüber an (dat), an (dat) … entlang:

he went by the church

3. über (akk):

go by London

4. auf (dat), entlang (akk oder dat) (Weg etc):

come by another road eine andere Straße entlangkommen

5. per, mit, mittels, durch (ein Verkehrsmittel): → air¹ A 1, post³ A 1, etc

6. (zeitlich) bis zu, bis um, bis spätestens:

be here by 4.30 sei spätestens um 4 Uhr 30 hier;

by that time

a) bis dahin, unterdessen,

b) um diese Zeit, (ungefähr) zu diesem Zeitpunkt; → now¹ Bes Redew

7. während, bei (Tageszeit): → day Bes Redew, etc

8. nach, …weise:

be sold by the meter (bes Br metre) meterweise verkauft werden; → hour, etc

9. nach, gemäß:

it is ten by my watch nach oder auf meiner Uhr ist es zehn

10. von: → nature 2, trade A 4

11. von, durch (Urheberschaft):

she has a son by him sie hat einen Sohn von ihm;

he has a daughter by his first marriage er hat eine Tochter aus erster Ehe;

a play by Shaw ein Stück von Shaw;

it was settled by him es wurde durch ihn oder von ihm erledigt; → oneself 1

12. mittels, mit Hilfe von, mit, durch:

written by pencil mit Bleistift geschrieben;

by listening durch Zuhören;

by (his) talking rapidly dadurch, dass er schnell redet(e); → force A 1, A 3, A 4 letter¹ A 2

13. um (bei Größenverhältnissen):

be (too) short by an inch um einen Zoll zu kurz sein

14. MATH

a) mal:

3 by 4;

the size is 9 feet by 6 die Größe ist 9 auf 6 ( oder 9 × 6) Fuß; → multiply A 2

b) durch:

6 by 2; → divide A 7 a

15. an (dat), bei: → root¹ A 1, seize A 1 a

B adv

1. nahe, da(bei):

by and large im Großen und Ganzen;

by and by

a) bald, demnächst,

b) nach und nach,

c) kurze Zeit später; → close B, hard B 4

2. vorbei…, vorüber…: → go by, pass by, etc

3. beiseite: → put by etc

by² → bye-bye C

* * *
I 1. preposition
1) (near, beside) an (+ Dat.); bei; (next to) neben

by the window/river — am Fenster/Fluss

she sat by me — sie saß neben mir

2) (to position beside) zu

3) (about, in the possession of) bei

have something by one — etwas bei sich haben

4)

north-east by east — Nordost auf Ost

5)

by herself — etc. see herself 1)

6) (along) entlang

by the river — am od. den Fluss entlang

7) (via) über (+ Akk.)

leave by the door/window — zur Tür hinausgehen/zum Fenster hinaussteigen

we came by the quickest/shortest route — wir sind die schnellste/kürzeste Strecke gefahren

8) (passing) vorbei an (+ Dat.)

run/drive by somebody/something — an jemandem/etwas vorbeilaufen/vorbeifahren

9) (during) bei

by day/night — bei Tag/Nacht; tagsüber/nachts

10) (through the agency of) von

written by... — geschrieben von...

11) (through the means of) durch

he was killed by lightning/a falling chimney — er ist vom Blitz/von einem umstürzenden Schornstein erschlagen worden

heated by gas/oil — mit Gas/Öl geheizt; gas-/ölbeheizt

by bus/ship — etc. mit dem Bus/Schiff usw.

by air/sea — mit dem Flugzeug/Schiff

have children by somebody — Kinder von jemandem haben

12) (not later than) bis

by now/this time — inzwischen

by next week she will be in China — nächste Woche ist sie schon in China

by the time this letter reaches you — bis dich dieser Brief erreicht

by the 20th — bis zum 20.

13) (indicating unit of time) pro; (indicating unit of length, weight, etc.) -weise

by the second/minute/hour — pro Sekunde/Minute/Stunde

rent a house by the year — ein Haus für jeweils ein Jahr mieten

you can hire a car by the day or by the week — man kann sich (Dat.) ein Auto tageweise oder wochenweise mieten

day by day/month by month, by the day/month — (as each day/month passes) Tag für Tag/Monat für Monat

cloth by the metre — Stoff am Meter

sell something by the packet/ton/dozen — etwas paket-/tonnenweise/im Dutzend verkaufen

10 ft. by 20 ft. — 10 [Fuß] mal 20 Fuß

14) (indicating amount)

by the thousands — zu Tausenden

one by one — einzeln

two by two/three by three/four by four — zu zweit/dritt/viert

little by little — nach und nach

15) (indicating factor) durch

8 divided by 2 is 4 — 8 geteilt durch 2 ist 4

16) (indicating extent) um

wider by a foot — um einen Fuß breiter

win by ten metres — mit zehn Metern Vorsprung gewinnen

passed by nine votes to two — mit neun zu zwei Stimmen angenommen

17) (according to) nach

by my watch — nach meiner Uhr

18) in oaths bei

by [Almighty] God — bei Gott[, dem Allmächtigen]
2. adverb
1) (past) vorbei

drive/run/flow by — vorbeifahren/-laufen/-fließen

2) (near)

close/near by — in der Nähe

3)

by and large — im großen und ganzen

by and by — nach und nach; (in past) nach einer Weile
II
see bye II

* * *

prep.

an präp.

bei präp.

bis präp.

durch präp.

neben präp.

von präp.

über präp.

English-german dictionary > by
19 direction

[daɪ'rekʃn, dɪ-] 1.
nome

1) direzione f.

to go in the right, wrong direction — andare nella direzione giusta, sbagliata

in the opposite direction to me — nella direzione opposta alla mia

from all directions — da tutte le direzioni o parti

2) (taken by company, government, career) orientamento m.

a change of direction — un cambiamento di rotta

the right, wrong direction for sb. — la strada giusta, sbagliata per qcn.

we have taken different directions — abbiamo preso strade diverse

to lack direction — mancare di o essere senza obiettivi precisi

3) cinem. rad. telev. regia f.; teatr. messa f. in scena; mus. direzione f.

4) (control) direzione f.; (guidance) guida f.
2.
nome plurale directions

1) (for route) indicazioni f.

to ask for directions from — chiedere indicazioni a

2) (for use) istruzioni f. (as to, about per, su)

directions for use — istruzioni per l'uso, modalità d'impiego

* * *

[-ʃən]

noun

1) ((the) place or point to which one moves, looks etc: What direction did he go in?; They were heading in my direction (= towards me); I'll find my way all right - I've a good sense of direction.) direzione

2) (guidance: They are under your direction.) direzione

3) ((in plural) instructions (eg on how to get somewhere, use something etc): We asked the policeman for directions; I have lost the directions for this washing-machine.) istruzioni

4) (the act of aiming or turning (something or someone) towards a certain point.) direzione

* * *
[daɪ'rekʃn, dɪ-] 1.
nome

1) direzione f.

to go in the right, wrong direction — andare nella direzione giusta, sbagliata

in the opposite direction to me — nella direzione opposta alla mia

from all directions — da tutte le direzioni o parti

2) (taken by company, government, career) orientamento m.

a change of direction — un cambiamento di rotta

the right, wrong direction for sb. — la strada giusta, sbagliata per qcn.

we have taken different directions — abbiamo preso strade diverse

to lack direction — mancare di o essere senza obiettivi precisi

3) cinem. rad. telev. regia f.; teatr. messa f. in scena; mus. direzione f.

4) (control) direzione f.; (guidance) guida f.
2.
nome plurale directions

1) (for route) indicazioni f.

to ask for directions from — chiedere indicazioni a

2) (for use) istruzioni f. (as to, about per, su)

directions for use — istruzioni per l'uso, modalità d'impiego

English-Italian dictionary > direction
20 Mark

I 1. noun
1) (trace) Spur, die; (of finger, foot also) Abdruck, der; (stain etc.) Fleck, der; (scratch) Kratzer, der

dirty mark — Schmutzfleck, der

leave one's/its mark on something — (fig.) einer Sache (Dat.) seinen Stempel aufdrücken

make one's/its mark — (fig.) sich (Dat.) einen Namen machen

2) (affixed sign, indication, symbol) Zeichen, das; (in trade names) Typ, der (Technik)

distinguishing mark — Kennzeichen, das

Mark 2 version/model — Version/Modell 2

have all the marks of something — alle Anzeichen von etwas haben

be a mark of good taste/breeding — ein Zeichen guten Geschmacks/guter Erziehung sein

something is the mark of a good writer — an etwas (Dat.) erkennt man einen guten Schriftsteller

3) (Sch.): (grade) Zensur, die; Note, die; (Sch., Sport): (unit of numerical award) Punkt, der

get good/bad/35 marks in or for a subject — gute/schlechte Noten od. Zensuren/35 Punkte in einem Fach bekommen

4) (line etc. to indicate position) Markierung, die

5) (level) Marke, die

reach the 15 % mark — die 15 %-Marke erreichen

around the 300 mark — ungefähr 300

6) (Sport): (starting position) Startlinie, die

on your marks! [get set! go!] — auf die Plätze! [Fertig! Los!]

be quick/slow off the mark — einen guten/schlechten Start haben; (fig.) fix (ugs.) /langsam sein

7) (target, desired object) Ziel, das

hit the mark — (fig.) ins Schwarze treffen

be wide of the mark — (lit. or fig.) danebentreffen

be close to the mark — (fig.) der Sache nahe kommen
2. transitive verb
1) (stain, dirty) Flecke[n] machen auf (+ Dat.); schmutzig machen; (scratch) zerkratzen

2) (put distinguishing mark on, signal) kennzeichnen, markieren ( with mit)

the bottle was marked ‘poison’ — die Flasche trug die Aufschrift "Gift"

mark an item with its price — eine Ware auszeichnen od. mit einem Preisschild versehen

ceremonies to mark the tenth anniversary — Feierlichkeiten aus Anlass des 10. Jahrestages

3) (Sch.) (correct) korrigieren; (grade) benoten; zensieren

mark an answer wrong — eine Antwort als falsch bewerten

4)

mark time — (Mil.; also fig.) auf der Stelle treten

5) (characterize) kennzeichnen; charakterisieren

6) (heed) hören auf (+ Akk.) [Person, Wort]

[you] mark my words — höre auf mich; eins kann ich dir sagen; (as a warning) lass dir das gesagt sein

7) (Brit. Sport): (keep close to) markieren (fachspr.), decken [Gegenspieler]

Phrasal Verbs:

- academic.ru/45241/mark_down">mark down

- mark off

- mark out

- mark up
II noun
(monetary unit) Mark, die

* * *
1. noun
1) ((also Deutsche Mark, Deutschmark) the standard unit of German currency before the euro.)

2) (a point given as a reward for good work etc: She got good marks in the exam.)

3) (a stain: That spilt coffee has left a mark on the carpet.)

4) (a sign used as a guide to position etc: There's a mark on the map showing where the church is.)

5) (a cross or other sign used instead of a signature: He couldn't sign his name, so he made his mark instead.)

6) (an indication or sign of a particular thing: a mark of respect.)
2. verb
1) (to put a mark or stain on, or to become marked or stained: Every pupil's coat must be marked with his name; That coffee has marked the tablecloth; This white material marks easily.)

2) (to give marks to (a piece of work): I have forty exam-papers to mark tonight.)

3) (to show; to be a sign of: X marks the spot where the treasure is buried.)

4) (to note: Mark it down in your notebook.)

5) ((in football etc) to keep close to (an opponent) so as to prevent his getting the ball: Your job is to mark the centre-forward.)

•

- marked
- markedly
- marker
- marksman
- marksmanship
- leave/make one's mark
- mark out
- mark time
* * *

mark¹

[mɑ:k, AM mɑ:rk]

I. n

1. (spot, stain) Fleck m; (on the skin) Mal nt; (when burnt) Brandmal nt geh; (scratch) Kratzer m, Schramme f; (trace) Spur f; (scar) Narbe f; (fingerprint, footprint) Abdruck m

the wine left a permanent \mark on his shirt der Wein hinterließ bleibende Flecken auf seinem Hemd

his fingers had left \marks all over the table auf dem Tisch waren überall seine Fingerabdrücke zu sehen

dirt/paint \marks Schmutz-/Farbflecken pl

2. (identifying feature) [Kenn]zeichen nt, Merkmal nt; ZOOL Kennung f; (on fur)

▪ \marks pl Zeichnung f

it's the [distinguishing] \mark of a gentleman/good newspaper to... es zeichnet einen Gentleman/eine gute Zeitung aus [o man erkennt einen Gentleman/eine gute Zeitung daran], dass er/sie...

the crime bears all the \marks of a planned murder alle Anzeichen weisen auf einen geplanten Mord hin

distinguishing [or identifying] \marks unverwechselbare Kennzeichen

3. ( fig: indication) Zeichen nt

a \mark of appreciation/respect ein Zeichen nt der Wertschätzung/des Respekts

4. (sign to indicate position) Markierung f

adjusting \mark TECH Einstellmarke f

5. (sign to distinguish) Zeichen nt

\mark of origin Herkunftszeichen nt

trade \mark Warenzeichen nt, Schutzmarke f

6. (signature) Kreuz nt

to make one's \mark [on sth] sein Kreuz [unter etw akk] setzen

7. (for punctuation) Satzzeichen nt

exclamation/quotation \mark Ausrufe-/Fragezeichen nt

quotation \marks Anführungszeichen pl

8. SCH (grade) Note f, Zensur f

what \mark did you get for biology? was hast du in Biologie bekommen?

no \marks for guessing who did this ( fig fam) es ist nicht schwer zu erraten, wer das gemacht hat

to get bad/good \marks for sth schlechte/gute Noten für etw akk bekommen

to get full \marks [for sth] BRIT, AUS die Bestnote [für etw akk] erhalten

full \marks for guessing who I met at the party ( fig fam) hundert Punkte, wenn du drauf kommst, wen ich auf der Party getroffen habe fam

9. no pl (required standard) Standard m, Norm f

to be up to the \mark den Anforderungen [o Erwartungen] entsprechen

to not feel up to the \mark nicht ganz auf der Höhe sein fam

10. no pl ( fig: distinction) Rang m

he is a man of \mark er ist eine Persönlichkeit von Rang

11. (point) Marke f

sales have already passed the million \mark die Verkaufszahlen haben die Millionenmarke bereits überschritten

to be over the halfway \mark über die Hälfte geschafft haben

12. ( also fig: target) Ziel nt, Zielscheibe f a. fig

to be an easy \mark AM ( fig) leicht reinzulegen sein fam

to be wide of [or quite off] the \mark das Ziel um Längen verfehlen a. fig

to hit the \mark [genau] ins Schwarze treffen a. fig

to miss the \mark vorbeischießen; ( fig) seinen Zweck verfehlen

to overshoot the \mark über das Ziel hinausschießen a. fig

13. (in a race) Start m; (starting block) Startblock m; (starting line) Startlinie f

on your \marks, get set, go! auf die Plätze, fertig, los!

14. (version of a car) Modell nt

a \mark 4 Escort ein Escort Modell 4

15. COMPUT Marke f fachspr

16. ( hist: frontier area) Mark f hist

17.

▶ to leave its/one's \mark on sb/sth seine Spuren bei jdm/etw hinterlassen

she left her \mark on the company sie hat den Betrieb sehr geprägt

▶ to make one's \mark auffallen

▶ to be slow/quick off the \mark (understand) schwer/schnell von Begriff sein fam; (take action) langsam/[blitz]schnell reagieren

you'll have to be quick off the \mark with that application du musst dich mit der Bewerbung beeilen

II. vt

1. (stain)

▪ to \mark sth etw schmutzig machen

2. usu passive (scar)

his face was \marked for life er hat bleibende Narben im Gesicht zurückbehalten

the man's body was \marked with blows from a blunt weapon die Leiche des Mannes trug Spuren von Schlägen mit einer stumpfen Waffe

3. (indicate)

▪ to \mark sth etw markieren [o bezeichnen] [o kennzeichnen

4. (label)

▪ to \mark sth etw beschriften; (indicate the price of) etw auszeichnen

the bottle was \marked ‘poison’ die Flasche trug die Aufschrift ‚Gift‘

they \marked the shirts at €20 sie zeichneten die Hemden mit 20 Euro aus

to \mark a route on a plan eine Route auf einem Plan einzeichnen

5.

▪ to \mark sth (characterize) etw kennzeichnen [o markieren]; (mean) etw bedeuten

to \mark the beginning/end of sth den Anfang/das Ende einer S. gen markieren

to \mark a turning point einen Wendepunkt darstellen

6. (commemorate)

▪ to \mark sth an etw akk erinnern

a concert to \mark the 10th anniversary ein Konzert aus Anlass des zehnten Jahrestages

a speech to \mark the occasion eine Rede zur Feier des Tages

7. SCH

▪ to \mark sth etw zensieren

▪ to \mark sb jdn benoten

8. (clearly identify)

▪ to \mark sb/sth as sb/sth jdn/etw als jdn/etw kennzeichnen [o auszeichnen]

your clothes \mark you as a man of good taste Ihre Kleider lassen erkennen, dass Sie ein Mann von gutem Geschmack sind

9. usu passive AM (destine)

▪ to be \marked as/for sth zu etw dat /für etw akk bestimmt sein

10. SPORT, FBALL

▪ to \mark sb jdn decken

11. SCI

▪ to \mark sth receptacle etw eichen

12.

▶ to \mark time (in a parade) auf der Stelle marschieren; ( fig: not move forward) die Zeit überbrücken

▶ [you] \mark my words! lass dir das gesagt sein!

III. vi

1. (get dirty) schmutzig [o SCHWEIZ a. dreckig] werden, schmutzen, verdrecken SCHWEIZ; (scratch) Kratzer [o Schrammen] bekommen

2. SCH (give marks) Noten vergeben; (correct) korrigieren

3. (pay attention)

\mark! Achtung!

mark²

<pl -s or ->

[mɑ:k, AM mɑ:rk]

n short for Deutschmark Mark f

* * *
[mAːk]
n
Markus m
Mark Antony — Mark Anton

* * *

Mark [mɑː(r)k] Eigenn & s BIBEL Markus(evangelium) m(n)

* * *
I 1. noun
1) (trace) Spur, die; (of finger, foot also) Abdruck, der; (stain etc.) Fleck, der; (scratch) Kratzer, der

dirty mark — Schmutzfleck, der

leave one's/its mark on something — (fig.) einer Sache (Dat.) seinen Stempel aufdrücken

make one's/its mark — (fig.) sich (Dat.) einen Namen machen

2) (affixed sign, indication, symbol) Zeichen, das; (in trade names) Typ, der (Technik)

distinguishing mark — Kennzeichen, das

Mark 2 version/model — Version/Modell 2

have all the marks of something — alle Anzeichen von etwas haben

be a mark of good taste/breeding — ein Zeichen guten Geschmacks/guter Erziehung sein

something is the mark of a good writer — an etwas (Dat.) erkennt man einen guten Schriftsteller

3) (Sch.): (grade) Zensur, die; Note, die; (Sch., Sport): (unit of numerical award) Punkt, der

get good/bad/35 marks in or for a subject — gute/schlechte Noten od. Zensuren/35 Punkte in einem Fach bekommen

4) (line etc. to indicate position) Markierung, die

5) (level) Marke, die

reach the 15 % mark — die 15 %-Marke erreichen

around the 300 mark — ungefähr 300

6) (Sport): (starting position) Startlinie, die

on your marks! [get set! go!] — auf die Plätze! [Fertig! Los!]

be quick/slow off the mark — einen guten/schlechten Start haben; (fig.) fix (ugs.) /langsam sein

7) (target, desired object) Ziel, das

hit the mark — (fig.) ins Schwarze treffen

be wide of the mark — (lit. or fig.) danebentreffen

be close to the mark — (fig.) der Sache nahe kommen
2. transitive verb
1) (stain, dirty) Flecke[n] machen auf (+ Dat.); schmutzig machen; (scratch) zerkratzen

2) (put distinguishing mark on, signal) kennzeichnen, markieren ( with mit)

the bottle was marked ‘poison’ — die Flasche trug die Aufschrift "Gift"

mark an item with its price — eine Ware auszeichnen od. mit einem Preisschild versehen

ceremonies to mark the tenth anniversary — Feierlichkeiten aus Anlass des 10. Jahrestages

3) (Sch.) (correct) korrigieren; (grade) benoten; zensieren

mark an answer wrong — eine Antwort als falsch bewerten

4)

mark time — (Mil.; also fig.) auf der Stelle treten

5) (characterize) kennzeichnen; charakterisieren

6) (heed) hören auf (+ Akk.) [Person, Wort]

[you] mark my words — höre auf mich; eins kann ich dir sagen; (as a warning) lass dir das gesagt sein

7) (Brit. Sport): (keep close to) markieren (fachspr.), decken [Gegenspieler]

Phrasal Verbs:

- mark down

- mark off

- mark out

- mark up
II noun
(monetary unit) Mark, die

* * *

(UK) (school) n.

Schulnote f. (german monetary unit) n.

Mark nur sing. m. (school) n.

Zensur -en f. n.

Eindruck -¨e m.

Marke -n f.

Markierung f.

Zeichen - n. (on) v.

einzeichnen (auf) ausdr.

markieren v. v.

beachten v.

kennzeichnen v.

zensieren (Zensuren geben) v.

zensieren v.

English-german dictionary > Mark

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